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1、813SpecialSectionontheChineseMediaFourModelsoftheFourthEstate:ATypologyofContemporaryChineseJournalists*†JonathanHassidAbstractScholarlyattentionhasnotkeptpacewiththerapidchangesinthepro-fessionalroleofChinesejournalists.Instead,twoolderviewsprevail.Thefirst,whichseesChinesejournalistsas“mouthp
2、ieces”oftheCommunistPartyunchangedfromtheMaoistera,downplaysthetremendouschangesinthemediasince1978.Thesecondview,holdingthattheyareincreasinglybecoming“American-styleprofessionals,”overstatestheinfluenceofinter-nationalmedianormsonChinesenewsworkers’day-to-dayreality.WhilesuchcommunistandAmeri
3、can-styleprofessionalsdoexistincontemporaryChina,botharefarlessinfluentialandnumerousthanstereotypeswouldsuggest.Exclusivescholarlyfocusonthesegroupsignorestwoothermorenumerousandinfluentialorientations:“advocateprofessionals,”thosewhowritetoinfluenceopinionandpolicy,and“workadayjournalists,”wh
4、oworkmainlyformoneyandlackacommitmenttopublicservice.ThisarticledelineatesallfourtypesofChinesejournalistandexplainswhyanunderstandingofthelattertwoprofessionalorientationsiscriticaltounderstandingChina’smedia,politicsandsociety.Keywords:Chinesemedia;journalism;professionalization;politicaladvo
5、cacy;socialchangeMediaoversightisthoughttobesoimportanttoeffectivegovernancethatthepressissometimesreferredtoastheFourthEstate.AlthoughthemediainChinacannotfreelyexercisethisoversightrole,anawarenessisbuildingamongscholarsandothersthatthepracticeofChinesejournalismhaschangeddramaticallyfromthee
6、rawherethePeople’sDaily(Renminribao人民日报)wasseentobetheprofession’sstandardbearer.Recentworkconcentratingon*ThisarticleisbasedonresearchfundedbyaFulbright-HaysDoctoralDissertationResearchAbroadFellowship,theUCBerkeleyCenterforChineseStudies,andtheChinaTimesCulturalFoundationYoungScholarAward.Tha
7、nkstoJenniferBrass,LowellDittmer,JenniferDixon,AshleyEsarey,KevinO’Brien,AmandaHassid,RachelStern,DanieStockmann,SusanneWengleandtheparticipantsoftheHarvardWorkshopontheMediainContemporaryPoliticsforhelpfulcommentsonearlierdrafts.
