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1、.TheRenaissanceHistoricalbackground:Thebreakingupoffeudalrelationsandtheestablishingofthefoundationsofcapitalism;Theenclosure;thewaroftheRoses;thestrengtheningoftheabsolutemonarchy;theriseofthebourgeoisie;thedefeatoftheSpanishArmada.Newsocialandecono
2、micconditionsbroughtaboutgreatchangesinthedevelopmentofscienceandart.Sowiththestrengtheningofnewbourgeoisnationalstate,thisperiodismarkedbyaflourishingofnationalcultureknownastheRenaissance.Renaissance:Arebith,revivalofclassical(GreekandRoman)arts,li
3、teratureandsciencesbetween14thandmid17thcenturiesinEurope,thegreatestageofhumanaccomplishments.TwostrikingfeaturesoftheRenaissance1)Athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature;2)Thekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity(Peopleceasedtolookuponthemselv
4、esaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworldandturnedtoadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement);Renaissancemarksthetransitionfrommedievaltomodernworld,fromfeudaltocapitalist,fromreligioustosecularsociety.InthisperiodtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsm
5、adeattemptstoabolishold...feudalideasinmedievalEurope(thechurch-centeredculturewhichwerecharacterizedbyGod-centeredness,otherworldlinessandasceticism.)andtointroducenewideasoftherisingbourgeoisie(humanism,theman-centeredcultureinwhichmanisthemeasureo
6、fallthings.),andtocarryourreligiousreformation.RenaissancedidnotbegintoshowitseffectinEnglanduntilthereignofHenryVIII(1509-1547)owingtoEngland’sseparationfromtheContinentanditsdomesticunrest.EncouragedbyHenryVIII,theOxfordreformers,scholarsandhumanis
7、tsintroducedclassicalliteraturetoEngland.Educationwasrevitalizedandliteraturebecamemorepopular.Fromthebeginningofthe16thc,theEnglishRenaissancewitnessedthebriskdevelopmentofliterature:thetranslationofancientEnglish,ItalianandFrenchworks,aswellasclass
8、icalworksofGreeceandRome;booksofdiscoveriesandadventures;thefloweringofsonnets;thehighestgloryoftheEnglishrenaissanceisitsdrama(theElizabethandrama).ThiswasEngland’sgoldenageinliterature.ThereappearedmanyliterarygiantssuchasShakespeare,Spenser,Jonson
