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1、RHETORICbyAristotletranslatedbyW.RhysRobertsBookI1RHETORICthecounterpartofDialectic.Bothalikeareconcernedwithsuchthingsascome,moreorless,withinthegeneralkenofallmenandbelongtonodefinitescience.Accordinglyallmenmakeuse,moreorless,ofboth;fortoacertainextentallmenattempttodiscuss
2、statementsandtomaintainthem,todefendthemselvesandtoattackothers.Ordinarypeopledothiseitheratrandomorthroughpracticeandfromacquiredhabit.Bothwaysbeingpossible,thesubjectcanplainlybehandledsystematically,foritispossibletoinquirethereasonwhysomespeakerssucceedthroughpracticeandot
3、hersspontaneously;andeveryonewillatonceagreethatsuchaninquiryisthefunctionofanart.Now,theframersofthecurrenttreatisesonrhetorichaveconstructedbutasmallportionofthatart.Themodesofpersuasionaretheonlytrueconstituentsoftheart:everythingelseismerelyaccessory.Thesewriters,however,s
4、aynothingaboutenthymemes,whicharethesubstanceofrhetoricalpersuasion,butdealmainlywithnon-essentials.Thearousingofprejudice,pity,anger,andsimilaremotionshasnothingtodowiththeessentialfacts,butismerelyapersonalappealtothemanwhoisjudgingthecase.Consequentlyiftherulesfortrialswhic
5、harenowlaiddownsomestates-especiallyinwell-governedstates-wereappliedeverywhere,suchpeoplewouldhavenothingtosay.Allmen,nodoubt,thinkthatthelawsshouldprescribesuchrules,butsome,asinthecourtofAreopagus,givepracticaleffecttotheirthoughtsandforbidtalkaboutnon-essentials.Thisissoun
6、dlawandcustom.Itisnotrighttopervertthejudgebymovinghimtoangerorenvyorpity-onemightaswellwarpacarpenter'srulebeforeusingit.Again,alitiganthasclearlynothingtodobuttoshowthattheallegedfactissoorisnotso,thatithasorhasnothappened.Astowhetherathingisimportantorunimportant,justorunju
7、st,thejudgemustsurelyrefusetotakehisinstructionsfromthelitigants:hemustdecideforhimselfallsuchpointsasthelaw-giverhasnotalreadydefinedforhim.Now,itisofgreatmomentthatwell-drawnlawsshouldthemselvesdefineallthepointstheypossiblycanandleaveasfewasmaybetothedecisionofthejudges;and
8、thisforseveralreasons.First,tofindoneman,orafewmen,whoaresens
