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On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing《论青年和老年、论生和死、论呼吸》

On Youth and Old Age, On Life and Death, On Breathing《论青年和老年、论生和死、论呼吸》

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时间：2019-01-22

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1、350BCONYOUTHANDOLDAGE,ONLIFEANDDEATH,ONBREATHINGbyAristotletranslatedbyG.R.T.Ross1WEmustnowtreatofyouthandoldageandlifeanddeath.Wemustprobablyalsoatthesametimestatethecausesofrespirationaswell,sinceinsomecaseslivingandthereversedependonthis.Wehaveelsewheregiv

2、enapreciseaccountofthesoul,andwhileitisclearthatitsessentialrealitycannotbecorporeal,yetmanifestlyitmustexistinsomebodilypartwhichmustbeoneofthosepossessingcontroloverthemembers.Letusforthepresentsetasidetheotherdivisionsorfacultiesofthesoul(whicheverofthetwo

3、bethecorrectname).Butastobeingwhatiscalledananimalandalivingthing,wefindthatinallbeingsendowedwithbothcharacteristics(viz.beingananimalandbeingalive)theremustbeasingleidenticalpartinvirtueofwhichtheyliveandarecalledanimals;forananimalquaanimalcannotavoidbeing

4、alive.Butathingneednot,thoughalive,beanimal,forplantslivewithouthavingsensation,anditisbysensationthatwedistinguishanimalfromwhatisnotanimal.Thisorgan,then,mustbenumericallyoneandthesameandyetpossessmultipleanddisparateaspects,forbeinganimalandlivingarenotide

5、ntical.Sincethentheorgansofspecialsensationhaveonecommonorganinwhichthesenseswhenfunctioningmustmeet,andthismustbesituatedmidwaybetweenwhatiscalledbeforeandbehind(wecall'before'thedirectionfromwhichsensationcomes,'behind'theopposite),further,sinceinalllivingt

6、hingsthebodyisdividedintoupperandlower(theyallhaveupperandlowerparts,sothatthisistrueofplantsaswell),clearlythenutritiveprinciplemustbesituatedmidwaybetweentheseregions.Thatpartwherefoodenterswecallupper,consideringitbyitselfandnotrelativelytothesurroundingun

7、iverse,whiledownwardisthatpartbywhichtheprimaryexcrementisdischarged.Plantsarethereverseofanimalsinthisrespect.Tomaninparticularamongtheanimals,onaccountofhiserectstature,belongsthecharacteristicofhavinghisupperpartspointingupwardsinthesenseinwhichthatapplies

8、totheuniverse,whileintheotherstheseareinanintermediateposition.Butinplants,owingtotheirbeingstationaryanddrawingtheirsustenancefromtheground,theupperpartmustalwaysbedown;forthereisacorres

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