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1、MindDesignIIPhilosophyPsychologyArtificialIntelligenceRevisedandenlargededitioneditedbyJohnHaugelandABradfordBookTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandSecondprinting,1997©1997MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmayberepr
2、oducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.BookdesignandtypesettingbyJohnHaugeland.BodytextsetinAdobeGaramond11.5on13;titlessetinZapfHumanist601BT.Pr
3、intedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataMinddesignII/editedbyJohnHaugeland.—2nded.,rev.andenlarged.p.cm."ABradfordbook."Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN0-262-08259-4(hc:alk.paper).—ISBN0-262-58153-1(pb:alk.pape
4、r)1.Artificialintelligence.2.Cognitivepsychology.I.Haugeland,John,1945-Q335.5.M4921997006.3—dc2196-45188CIPforBarbaraandJohnIIIContents1WhatIsMindDesign?1JohnHaugeland2ComputingMachineryandIntelligence29A.M.Turing3TrueBelievers:TheIntentionalStrategyandWhyItWork
5、s57DanielC.Dennett4ComputerScienceasEmpiricalInquiry:SymbolsandSearch81AllenNewellandHerbertA.Simon5AFrameworkforRepresentingKnowledge111MarvinMinsky6FromMicro-WorldstoKnowledgeRepresentation:AlatanImpasse143HubertL.Dreyfus7Minds,Brains,andPrograms183JohnR.Searl
6、e8TheArchitectureofMind:AConnectionistApproach205DavidE.Rumelhart9ConnectionistModeling:NeuralComputation/MentalConnections233PaulSmolenskyPage11WhatIsMindDesign?JohnHaugeland1996MINDDESIGNistheendeavortounderstandmind(thinking,intellect)intermsofitsdesign(howit
7、isbuilt,howitworks).Itamounts,therefore,toakindofcognitivepsychology.Butitisorientedmoretowardstructureandmechanismthantowardcorrelationorlaw,moretowardthe"how"thanthe"what",thanistraditionalempiricalpsychology.An"experiment"inminddesignismoreoftenanefforttobuil
8、dsomethingandmakeitwork,thantoobserveoranalyzewhatalreadyexists.Thus,thefieldofartificialintelligence(AI),theattempttoconstructintelligentartifacts,systemswithmindsof
