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1、MindDesignIIPhilosophyPsychologyArtificialIntelligenceRevisedandenlargededitioneditedbyJohnHaugelandABradfordBookTheMITPressCambridge,MassachusettsLondon,EnglandSecondprinting,1997©1997MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbook
2、maybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorageandretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.BookdesignandtypesettingbyJohnHaugeland.BodytextsetinAdobeGaramond11.5on13;titlessetinZa
3、pfHumanist601BT.PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDatawww.aibbt.com让未来触手可及MinddesignII/editedbyJohnHaugeland.—2nded.,rev.andenlarged.p.cm."ABradfordbook."Includesbibliographicalreferences.ISBN0-262-08259
4、-4(hc:alk.paper).—ISBN0-262-58153-1(pb:alk.paper)1.Artificialintelligence.2.Cognitivepsychology.I.Haugeland,John,1945-Q335.5.M4921997006.3—dc2196-45188CIPforBarbaraandJohnIIIwww.aibbt.com让未来触手可及Contents1WhatIsMindDesign?1JohnHaugeland2ComputingMachinery
5、andIntelligence29A.M.Turing3TrueBelievers:TheIntentionalStrategyandWhyItWorks57DanielC.Dennett4ComputerScienceasEmpiricalInquiry:SymbolsandSearch81AllenNewellandHerbertA.Simon5AFrameworkforRepresentingKnowledge111MarvinMinsky6FromMicro-WorldstoKnowledge
6、Representation:AlatanImpasse143HubertL.Dreyfus7Minds,Brains,andPrograms183JohnR.Searle8TheArchitectureofMind:AConnectionistApproach205DavidE.Rumelhart9ConnectionistModeling:NeuralComputation/MentalConnections233PaulSmolenskywww.aibbt.com让未来触手可及www.aibbt
7、.com让未来触手可及Page11WhatIsMindDesign?JohnHaugeland1996MINDDESIGNistheendeavortounderstandmind(thinking,intellect)intermsofitsdesign(howitisbuilt,howitworks).Itamounts,therefore,toakindofcognitivepsychology.Butitisorientedmoretowardstructureandmechanismthan
8、towardcorrelationorlaw,moretowardthe"how"thanthe"what",thanistraditionalempiricalpsychology.An"experiment"inminddesignismoreoftenanefforttobuildsomethingandmakeitwork,thantoobserveoranalyzewhatalreadyexists.Thus,thefieldofartific
