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ID:27858147
大小:1.20 MB
页数:46页
时间:2018-12-04
《[理学]chapter 11醇、醚》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、Chapt11AlcoholsandEthers醇、醚的命名醇的制备——羟汞化-还原反应——硼氢化-氧化反应醇的化学反应醚的制备醚的化学反应——保护基环氧化合物StructureandNomencaltureAlcohols:-OHisattachedtoasaturatedcarbonatom.Enols:-OHisattachedtoanunsaturatedcarbonatom.CH3CH2OHEthanolH–C≡CCH2OH2-PropynolCH2=CHCH2OH2-PropenolBenzylalcoholPheno
2、ls:-OHisattachedtoabenzenering.Ethersarecompoundswhosemoleculeshaveanoxygenatombondedtotwocarbonatom.Phenolp-Methylphenol(p-Cresol)CH2=CHCH2–O–CH3Allylmethylether烯丙基NomenclatureofEthersIUPACsubstitutivenamesareusedformorecomplicatedethersandforcompoundswithmorethanone
3、etherlinkage.Ethersarenamedasalkoxyalkanes,alkoxyalkenes,andalkoxyarenes.Simpleethersarefrequentlygivencommonradicofunctionalnames.Methylphenylether(Anisole茴香醚,苯甲醚)1,2-DimethoxyethaneCH3–O–CH2CH2–O–CH32-Methoxypentane1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzeneCyclicetherscanbenamesinsev
4、eralways.Replacementnomenclature:relatingthecyclicethertothecorrespondinghydrocarbonringsystemandusetheprefixoxa-toindicatethatanoxygenatomreplacesaCH2group.Oxirane:acyclicthree-memberedether(epoxide).Oxetane:acyclicfour-memberedether.Commonnames:giveninparentheses.Ox
5、acyclopropaneoroxirane(ethyleneoxide)1,4-Dioxacyclohexane(1,4-dioxane)OxacyclobutaneoroxetaneOxacyclopentane(tertahydrofuran)PhysicalPropertiesofAlcoholsAlcoholshavemuchhigherb.p.thancomparableethersorhydrocarbons.------H-bondMethanol,ethanol,bothpropanols,andtert-but
6、ylalcoholarecompletelymisciblewithwater.95%ethanoland5%waterazeotrope(共沸物,78.15°C)Thesolubilityofalcoholsinwatergraduallydecreasesasthehydrocarbonportionofthemoleculelengthens.PhysicalPropertiesEthersEthershavesimilarboilingpointsthatarecomparablewiththoseofhydrocarb
7、onsofthesamemolecularweight.-----Theb.p.ofdiethylether(MW=74)is34.60C;thatofpentane(MW=74)is360C.Ethersareabletoformhydrogenbondswithcompoundssuchaswater.Ethershavesolubilitiesinwaterthataresimilartothoseofalcoholsofthesamemolecularweight.-----Diethyletherand1-butanol
8、havethesamesolubilityinwater,approximately8g/100mLatroomtemperature.Pentane,bycontrast,isvirtuallyinsolubleinwater.Synthesis
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