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1、AlbertEinstein'sLaterLifeWhenBritisheclipseexpeditionsin1919confirmedhispredictionsaboutthegeneraltheoryofrelativity,Einsteinwasbombardedbythepopularpress.Einstein'spersonalethicsalsofiredpublicimagination.Einstein,whoafterreturningtoGermanyin1914didnotreapplyforGermancitizens
2、hip,wasoneofonlyahandfulofGermanprofessorswhoremainedapacifistanddidnotsupportGermany'swaraims.Afterthewar,whenthevictoriousalliessoughttoexcludeGermanscientistsfrominternationalmeetings,Einstein--aJewtravelingwithaSwisspassport--remainedanacceptableGermanenvoy.Einstein'spolit
3、icalviewsasapacifistandaZionistpittedhimagainstconservativesinGermany,whobrandedhimatraitorandadefeatist.Thepublicsuccessaccordedhistheoriesofrelativityevokedsavageattacksinthe1920sbytheanti-SemiticphysicistsJohannesStarkandPhilippLenard,menwhoafter1932triedtocreateaso-calledA
4、ryanphysicsinGermany.JusthowcontroversialthetheoriesofrelativityremainedforlessflexiblymindedphysicistsisrevealedinthecircumstancessurroundingEinstein'sreceptionofaNobelPrizein1921--awardednotforrelativitybutforhis1905workonthephotoelectriceffect.WiththeriseoffascisminGermany,
5、Einsteinmoved,in1933totheUnitedStatesandabandonedhispacifism.Hereluctantlyagreedthatthenewmenacehadtobeputdownthroughforceofarms.InthiscontextEinsteinsentaletter,in1939,toPresidentFranklinD.RooseveltthaturgedthattheUnitedStatesproceedtodevelopanatomicbombbeforeGermanydid.Thele
6、tter,composedbyEinstein'sfriendLeoSzilard,wasoneofmanyexchangedbetweentheWhiteHouseandEinstein,anditcontributedtoRoosevelt'sdecisiontofundwhatbecametheManhattanProject.Asmuchheappearedtothepublicasachampionofunpopularcauses,Einstein'scentralconcernsalwaysrevolvedaroundphysics.
7、Attheageof59,whenothertheoreticalphysicistswouldlongsincehaveabandonedoriginalscientificresearch,Einsteinandhisco-workersLeopoldInfeldandBaneshHoffmannachievedamajornewresultinthegeneraltheoryofrelativity.UntiltheendofhislifeEinsteinsoughtaunifiedfieldtheory,wherebythephenomen
8、aofgravitationandelectromagnetismcouldbederivedfromonesetofeq
