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1、济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译外文原文：22.7Challengesofextendinginternationalco-operationtoaviationandshippingExtendingthecoverageofcarbonpricingandothermeasurestointernationalaviationwillbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Globally,internationalaviationemissions–definedasemissi
2、onsfromanyaircraftleavingonecountryandlandinginanother–areabouttwiceasgreatasdomesticaviationemissions.AssetoutinChapter15,theimpactofaviationonclimatechangeisalsohigherthantheimpactofitsCO2emissionsalone.Aviationhasnegativelocalimpactsonnoise,localai
3、rquality,biodiversity,andlocalclimateimpacts,forwhichlocalpolicyinterventions(suchasregulationonnoiselevels)canbeused.However,thereiscurrentlynoincentivetoreduceinternationalaviationemissions,asonlyemissionsfromdomesticflightsarecurrentlyallocatedtoan
4、ycountrywithinnationalemissionsinventories.Furthermore,manylargeinternationalmarketsareoutsidethecurrentKyotoobligationsframework.However,theindustryisgrowingfast,andpeoplewithlowerincomes,especiallyindevelopedcountries,arenowabletotravelgloballydueto
5、low-costflights.Manynationalpolicymeasuressuchaslandingchargestendtobebluntinstrumentsforcuttingcarbonemissions.However,differentiatingthem,forexample,bylengthofflightordistancetravelled,couldimprovetheireffectsonreducingemissions.Internationalcoordin
6、ationonreducingemissionsfromaviationisimportant,forexample,toavoidleakageofmitigationpoliciesfromtravellersswitchingtodifferentcarriers,oraircarrierschangingtheirroutes,orpracticessuchas‘tankering’(i.e.carryingexcessfuelonplanestoavoidrefuelingatairpo
7、rtswherefueltaxesarelevied).TheUNFCCChasrequestedtheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation(ICAO)totakeactiononaviationemissions,recognisingthataglobalapproachisessential.ICAOhasestablishedaCommitteeonAviationEnvironmentalProtection(CAEP),partofwhosewo
8、rkplanrelatestoclimatechangeemissions.Currenttasksincludedevelopingguidanceforstateswishingtotakeforwardemissionstradingschemes,anddevelopingabetterunderstandingofthepotentialtrade-offsbetweenimprovementsinCO2emissionsandtheeffectonotherenviro
