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1、济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译外文原文:22.7Challengesofextendinginternationalco-operationtoaviationandshippingExtendingthecoverageofcarbonpricingandothermeasurestointernationalaviationwillbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Globally,internationalaviationemissions–definedasemissionsfromanyaircr
2、aftleavingonecountryandlandinginanother–areabouttwiceasgreatasdomesticaviationemissions.AssetoutinChapter15,theimpactofaviationonclimatechangeisalsohigherthantheimpactofitsCO2emissionsalone.Aviationhasnegativelocalimpactsonnoise,localairquality,biodiversity,andlocal
3、climateimpacts,forwhichlocalpolicyinterventions(suchasregulationonnoiselevels)canbeused.However,thereiscurrentlynoincentivetoreduceinternationalaviationemissions,asonlyemissionsfromdomesticflightsarecurrentlyallocatedtoanycountrywithinnationalemissionsinventories.Fu
4、rthermore,manylargeinternationalmarketsareoutsidethecurrentKyotoobligationsframework.However,theindustryisgrowingfast,andpeoplewithlowerincomes,especiallyindevelopedcountries,arenowabletotravelgloballyduetolow-costflights.Manynationalpolicymeasuressuchaslandingcharg
5、estendtobebluntinstrumentsforcuttingcarbonemissions.However,differentiatingthem,forexample,bylengthofflightordistancetravelled,couldimprovetheireffectsonreducingemissions.Internationalcoordinationonreducingemissionsfromaviationisimportant,forexample,toavoidleakageof
6、mitigationpoliciesfromtravellersswitchingtodifferentcarriers,oraircarrierschangingtheirroutes,orpracticessuchas‘tankering’(i.e.carryingexcessfuelonplanestoavoidrefuelingatairportswherefueltaxesarelevied).TheUNFCCChasrequestedtheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation
7、(ICAO)totakeactiononaviationemissions,recognisingthataglobalapproachisessential.ICAOhasestablishedaCommitteeonAviationEnvironmentalProtection(CAEP),partofwhoseworkplanrelatestoclimatechangeemissions.Currenttasksincludedevelopingguidanceforstateswishingtotakeforwarde
8、missionstradingschemes,anddevelopingabetterunderstandingofthepotentialtrade-offsbetweenimprovementsinCO2emissionsandtheeffectonotherenviro