资源描述：
《Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure and Countermeasures—A Case Based on College Students in Ningbo 学年论文》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
1、Cross-culturalPragmaticFailureandCountermeasures—ACaseBasedonCollegeStudentsinNingbo1IntroductionLearningasecondlanguageistodevelopthepragmaticcompetence,includinglanguagecompetenceandapplication(He,1997).Bechmanbelievesthatlinguisticcompetenceincludesorganizati
2、onalcompetenceandpragmaticcompetence.Theformermeanstheaccuracyofthelanguage,thelatterreferstotheappropriatenessofthelanguageinthecertainsituation(Bechman,1990).PragmaticfailurewasfirstproposedbyThomas(1983),referringtotheinabilitytounderstand“whatismeantbywhatis
3、said”(Thomas,1983).Thefailuresaboverenderitmoredifficultforcollegestudentsinthecross–culturalcommunication,thusbeingthemaincausesofpragmaticfailures.BasedonthecasestudyofcollegestudentsinNingbo,thearticleismeanttofindoutthepragmaticfailureexistedincollegestudent
4、swhentalkingwithnativespeakersandgivesomecountermeasurestopragmaticfailure.2PragmaticFailuresinCross-culturalCommunicationAlthoughstudentshavelearnedagreatnumberofvocabulary,phrasesandsentencesandknownafewgrammarrules,theymaynotspeakwithproperlanguage,causingthe
5、pragmaticfailure.Asaresult,misunderstandinghappensinresponsetogreetings,sayinggoodbye,showinggratitudeandansweringforapologies,etc.AccordingtothesurveyamongtheNingboCollegestudents,19%ofEnglishlearners,wholearnEnglishformanyyears,followtheChinesegreetingcustomst
6、oexpresstheirgreetingstotheirwesternfriends.Anothercauseforpragmaticfailureexistsinthemisunderstandingbythe6unawarenessoftarget-languageculture.Inordertoexpresstheircaretootherpeople,Chinesepeoplewanttoinquireotherpeople’sage,address,jobandtheirincome.Suchquesti
7、onsaretheprivacyforwesterners.ChinesepeopleseemtopaylittleattentiontotheconceptofprivacywhilenativeEnglishspeakersvaluetheirprivacyverymuch.Questionsaboutaperson’sage,maritalstatus,salaryorthepriceofanitemareperfectlyacceptableinChineseculture,buttheyarenotinWes
8、ternculture.Theanalysisofthreetypesofpragmaticfailuresaboverevealsthatthestudents’pragmaticcompetenceisnotadequatelydeveloped.Theymademistakeswhereitwascommonsensefor
