英美概况 chapter1(b)

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1、PHILOSOPHYofWESTERNCIVILIZATIONIIGreekRationalismRationalism:Thetheorythattheexerciseofreason,ratherthantheacceptanceofempiricism,authority,orspiritualrevelation,providestheonlyvalidbasisforactionorbeliefandthatreasonistheprimesourceofknowledgeandofspiritualtruth.唯理论，理性主义认为理性分析，而不

2、是对经验主义，权威或神灵感应是信仰和行动的源泉的理论，还认为理性是知识和精神真理的主要来源1.ThefirstmajorGreekphilosopher:Thales[5Weili:z]泰利斯GreekphilosopherwhoistraditionallyconsideredthefirstWesternphilosopherandafounderofgeometryandabstractastronomy.Hemaintainedthatmatteriscomposedofwater.Questions:Whatwastheoriginofmetap

3、hysics?2.Anaximander(611-547B.C.)GreekastronomerandphilosopherQuestion:Whatwashisideasabouttheworld?3.Pythagoras(570-500B.C.)[pai5WA^ErEs]GreekphilosopherandmathematicianwhofoundedinsouthernItalyaschoolthatemphasizedthestudyofmusicalharmonyandgeometry.Heprovedtheuniversalvalidityo

4、fthePythagoreantheoremandisconsideredthefirsttruemathematician.4.Heraclitus(535-475B.C.)[7herE5klaitEs]赫拉克利特Greekphilosopherwhomaintainedthatstrifeandchangearenaturalconditionsoftheuniverse.Apersoncannotstepintothesamerivertwice.“Unityinopposition”istheprinciplewhichaccountsforper

5、petualchange.5.Parmenides(515-440B.C.)GreekEleaticphilosopherEleatic(埃里亚派）:OforcharacteristicoftheschoolofphilosophyfoundedbyXenophanes/zi5nCfEni:z/色诺芬尼andParmenidesandholdingthebeliefthatimmutablebeingistheonlyknowablerealityandthatchangeisthesubjectofmereopinion.埃利亚学派的关于色诺芬尼和巴门尼

6、德创立的哲学学派的或以此学派为特征的，这个学派认为不动的存在是唯一可知的事实而变化是人的观点的主观臆想6.Democritus[di5mCkritEs]德谟克利特(460-390B.C.)Greekphilosopherwhodevelopedanatomisttheoryoftheuniverseandespousedthedoctrinethatpleasure,alongwithself-control,isthegoalofhumanlife.Mechanistic:oforrelatingtothephilosophyofmechanism,es

7、peciallytendingtoexplainphenomenaonlybyreferencetophysicalorbiologicalcauses.Questions:1)WhatwerethefamiliarconceptstomostGreekthinkersbythe5thcenturyB.C.?2)WhatwasSkepticsQuestion?Skeptic—Epistemology[i7pisti5mClEdVi]认识论Question:WhatweretheSophists’ideasabouttheworld?GreatPhiloso

8、phers1.Socrates(470-399B.C.)[5sCk