毕业论文外文翻译-基础及基础工程

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1、1、外文原文（复印件）FoundationAndFoundationEngineeringStrucuresorotherconstructedworksaresupportedontheearthbyfoundation.Theword“foundation”maymeantheearthitself,somethingplacedinorontheearthtoprovidesupport,oracombinnationoftheearthandtheelementsplacedonit.Thefoundationforamultis

2、toryofficebuildingcouldbeacombinationforanearth-filldamwouldbethenaturalsoilorrockonwhichthedamisplaced.Concretefootingsorwhichorinwhichtheyareplaced.Theinstalledelementsandthenaturalsoilorrockoftheearthformafoundationsystem;thesoilandrockprovidetheultimatesupportofthesys

3、tem.Foundationthatareinstalledmaybeeithersoil-bearingorrock–bearing.Thereactionsofthesoilorrocktotheimposedloadsgenerallydeterminedhowwellthefoundationsystemfunctions.Indesigningtheinstalledportions,thedesignermustdeterminethesafepressuewhichcanbeusedonthesoilorrockandthe

4、amountoftotalsettlementanddifferentialsettlementwhichthestructurecanwithstand.Theinstalledpartsofthefoundationsystemmaybefootings,matfoundations,slabfoundations,andcaissonsorpiles,allofwhichareusedtotransferloadfromasupersteuctureintotheearth.Theseparts,whichtransmitloadf

5、romthesuperstructuretotheearth,arecalledthesubstructure.FootingFootingorspreadfoundationsareusedtospreadtheloadsfromcolumnsorwallstotheunderlyingsoilorrock.Normally,footingsareconstructedofreinforedconcrete.However,undersomecircumstancestheymaybeconstructedofplainconcrete

6、ormasonary,wheneachfootingsupportsonlyonecolumn,itissquare.Footingssupportingtwocoumnsarecalledcombinedfootingsandmaybeeitherrectangularortrapezoidal.Cantileverfootingsareusedtobuildinglineorexteriorwall.Footingssupportsingwallsarecontinuousfootings.Thesizesoffootingsared

7、eterminedbydividingtheloadstobeimposedatthebaseofthefootingsbytheallowablebearingpressurewhichcanbeimposedonthesoilorrockoftheearth.Mostbuildingcodesandtextbooksonfoundationscontaintableslistingallowablebearingpressuresforvarioustypesofsoilandrock;however,thesetablesgiveo

8、nlygeneralclassificationsanddescriptionsofthesoilorrockmustbeusedwithcaution.Morespecificinforma