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1、ThecausesofthetragedyinDesireundertheElmsIntroductionEugeneO’Neill(1888-1953),amajorfigureinAmericandrama,isregardedasthefatherofAmericandrama.HewonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesandtheNobelPrizein1936“forthepower,honestyanddeep-feltemotionsofhisdomesticworks,whichembodyanorigina
2、lconceptoftragedy”(Sheaffer450).O’NeillisaneverlastingmonumentofAmericanhistory.HisfruitfuldramacreationmarksthematurityofAmericannationaldrama.DesireundertheElmsisoneofhismasterpieces.Sofar,therehavebeenalotofstudiesathomeandbroad.Criticshaveapproachedthisworkfromvariouspe
3、rspectives,includingstudiesontheinfluenceofmodernphilosophy,psychology,Greektragedy,andnaturalisticinfluence.Thoughthetragicvisioninhisworksisanalyzedbysomecritics,thereishardlyadefiniteoverallassessment.Amongthosedomesticscholars,YangLinapointsoutthatDesireundertheElmshasa
4、strongnaturalistictendency,which“holdsaphilosophyofpessimisticdeterminis”(Yang48).Thoughsheattributesthetragedytoinescapableinternalforcesandouterforcesoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol,allhercommentsonlyfocusonsomeelementsrelatedtotheprotagoniststhemselvesintheplaywithoutanymenti
5、onoftheoverallbackgroundoftheplay.LiWujiantracesthecauseofthetragedywiththehelpofLacanianpsychoanalysis.Shepointsoutthatthereisawholehumanontologicalstructureortheessentialwayofourexistenceembeddedinthetextoftheplayleadingtothetragedy.Shemakeshercommentinapuretextualanalysi
6、s,andstatestheinternalforcesthatcausethetragedy.Butshedoesn’trefertosomeexternalelements,whicharealsoessentialincausingthe21tragedy.Amongsomeforeignscholars,VirginiaFloydexcelsinthecomprehensivenessofherstudyinThePlaysofEugeneO’Neill:ANewAssessment.ShebeginsdefiningDesireun
7、dertheElmsas“O’Neill’sfirsttrulyAmericanhistoricalplay”(Floyd270).Afterfindingtheevidencesofthecharacters’traitsunderdiscussioninthetextoftheplay,FloydattributestheformationofEphraim’spersonalitiestothePuritancultivatingandtransitsheranalysistoO’Neill’snaturalistictendency.
8、JuneSchlueterandArthurLewisinterpretthewholeplayastheEphraim’sprivatebattleofmoral
