lecture 1(英汉句法和段落结构比较) - 副本

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1、ComponentsofanEssayEssayParagraphsSentencesWords英汉句法与段落结构的比较第一节英汉句法结构比较一、形合与意合形合(hypotaxis)与意合(parataxis)是英汉句法结构最基本的区别。英语采用焦点句法，词语和句子是通过语言形态变化和语言形式手段连接来表达思想的，结构严谨，连接手段丰富。汉语采用散点句法，词语和句子是靠本身的意义和语境的存在来实现连接的，意义贯通，动词丰富。例1邢夫人携了黛玉，坐在上面，众婆子们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，方驾上驯骡，亦出了西角门，往东过荣府正门，便入一黑油大门中，至仪门前方下来

2、。汉语：连动句和兼语句水生扛了把扫帚去打谷场上扫雪。贵宾们乘飞机离开北京去西安参观。一种好奇心促使我仔细观察我的领路人。我们请求领导重视我们的建议。英语：一句只能有一个谓语动词问题一：系动词与实意动词连用例2.Althoughdifficultiesareexist,wecantrytoovercomethem.问题二：没有语病，但动词的使用不地道例3.Hisarmswerepainful,whichmadeitdifficultforhimtotakeoffhisclothes.Thepaininhisarmsmadeitdifficultforhimtotakeof

3、fhisclothes.动词的减法1.用名词代替动词善于听取别人的意见：tobeagoodlistener2.用形容词代替动词有人建议降低政府开支，提高教师工资：Somesuggestedlowergovernmentspendingandhighersalariesforteachers.3.用介词代替动词一场反对铺装浪费的运动：acampaignagainstwasteandextravagance4.用分词代替动词瞪大眼睛望着她：lookatherwide-eyed不满情绪不断加剧：mountingsocialdiscontent5.用替代动词do我对老板说：“要

4、求人家干多少，也要求我干多少。”Askasmuchofmeasyoudoofeveryoneelse.Collegelifemakesmefeelexcited.Ifyoucomparetwowaysoflifecarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.Thelife-stylehasbecomeacceptedandwelcomedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.Ourparentsalwaysexpectustomakeprogressinschoolandifwefailtodoso,

5、theywillaskwhy.抽象名词化:用名词表示动作Collegelifemakesmefeelexcited.Collegelifefilledmewithexcitement.Ifyoucomparethetwowaysoflifecarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.Carefulcomparisonofthetwowaysoflifewillshowthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.Thelife-stylehasbecomeacceptedandw

6、elcomedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.Thelife-stylehasfounditsgrowingpopularityandacceptanceamongyoungpeople.Ourparentsalwaysexpectustomakeprogressinschoolandifwefailtodoso,theywillaskwhy.Ourparentsalwaysexpecttheprogressofusinschoolandquestionitsabsence.练习：Thisincidenthelpsmetounderstandthena

7、tureofhumanbeingsdeeply.Weallseethatitisnecessarytoreviseoureducationalsystem.Themayorsaidthathewasverygratefulbecausetheconstructionworkerswereverydedicatedandcompetent.Thisincidenthelpsmetounderstandthenatureofhumanbeingsdeeply.Thisincidentdeepensmyunderstandingofthenat