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1、DiabetesMellitusDr.RashaSalamaPhDPublicHealth,SuezCanalUniversity,EgyptDiabetesMSc,CardiffUniversity,UnitedKingdomDiabetesmellitus(DM)isagroupofdiseasescharacterizedbyhighlevelsofbloodglucoseresultingfromdefectsininsulinproduction,insulinaction,orboth.Thetermdiabete
2、smellitusdescribesametabolicdisorderofmultipleaetiologycharacterizedbychronichyperglycaemiawithdisturbancesofcarbohydrate,fatandproteinmetabolismresultingfromdefectsininsulinsecretion,insulinaction,orboth.Theeffectsofdiabetesmellitusincludelong–termdamage,dysfunctio
3、nandfailureofvariousorgans.Whatisdiabetes?Diabetesmellitusmaypresentwithcharacteristicsymptomssuchasthirst,polyuria,blurringofvision,andweightloss.Initsmostsevereforms,ketoacidosisoranon–ketotichyperosmolarstatemaydevelopandleadtostupor,comaand,inabsenceofeffectivet
4、reatment,death.Oftensymptomsarenotsevere,ormaybeabsent,andconsequentlyhyperglycaemiasufficienttocausepathologicalandfunctionalchangesmaybepresentforalongtimebeforethediagnosisismade.DiabetesThelong–termeffectsofdiabetesmellitusincludeprogressivedevelopmentofthespeci
5、ficcomplicationsofretinopathywithpotentialblindness,nephropathythatmayleadtorenalfailure,and/orneuropathywithriskoffootulcers,amputation,Charcotjoints,andfeaturesofautonomicdysfunction,includingsexualdysfunction.Peoplewithdiabetesareatincreasedriskofcardiovascular,p
6、eripheralvascularandcerebrovasculardisease.DiabetesLong-termEffectsThedevelopmentofdiabetesisprojectedtoreachpandemicproportionsoverthenext10-20years.InternationalDiabetesFederation(IDF)dataindicatethatbytheyear2025,thenumberofpeopleaffectedwillreach333million–90%of
7、thesepeoplewillhaveType2diabetes.InmostWesternsocieties,theoverallprevalencehasreached4-6%,andisashighas10-12%among60-70-year-oldpeople.Theannualhealthcostscausedbydiabetesanditscomplicationsaccountforaround6-12%ofallhealth-careexpenditure.BurdenofDiabetesType1Diabe
8、tesMellitusType2DiabetesMellitusGestationalDiabetesOthertypes:LADA(MODY(maturity-onsetdiabetesofyouth)SecondaryDiabetesMellitusTypesofDiab
