l历史语言研究所集刊78-1-2

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1、中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊第七十八本，第一分出版日期：民國九十六年三月印象與真相──清朝中英兩國的覲禮之爭黃一農*乾隆朝英使馬戛爾尼(GeorgeMacartney,1737-1806)來華事件中最引人注目的覲禮之爭，一直是學界的世紀之謎。本文根據龐雜的清宮檔案以及散見於歐、美各地的西方原始材料，嘗試深入析探各文本與圖像的形塑過程及其作者的主觀意識，新發現當時或為提供雙方稍後各自表述的空間，遂協議先在入覲時行略加修改的中式禮節：雙膝下跪三次，每次三俯首深鞠躬，但不叩頭；緊接著在呈遞國書時，則用英式禮節，單膝跪地，親手將國書交給皇帝，但免去吻

2、手禮。又由於馬戛爾尼否認雙膝跪叩一事，亦與一八一六年來華的阿美士德(WilliamPittAmherst,1773-1857)使團及一八三三年的律勞卑(WilliamJohnNapier,1786-1834)事件有直接或間接的關涉，故文中也將討論這些與覲禮相關之衝突在鴉片戰爭以及晚清的對外交涉中所曾扮演的角色，並嘗試辨明歷史真相與印象間的分際。關鍵詞：中英關係覲禮之爭馬戛爾尼阿美士德斯當東*中央研究院院士、國立清華大學歷史研究所-35-印象與真相──清朝中英兩國的覲禮之爭Impressionvs.Reality:AStudyontheGues

3、tRitualControversybetweenQingChinaandBritainYi-LongHuangInstituteofHistory,NationalTsingHuaUniversityAmongallincidentsthattookplaceduringthevisitofGeorgeMacartney(1737-1806)andhisretinuetoChinain1793,thediplomaticencounterinvolvingtheguestritualbetweenChinaandBritainisparti

4、cularlycontroversial.WhichformofceremonyMacartneyactuallyperformedinfrontofQianlong’sthronehaslongbeenanunsolvedmysteryandtopicofdebateinacademiccircles.UsingnumerousdocumentsfromtheQingimperialarchives,Britishmanuscripts,aswellasprintedmaterialsfromvariouslibrariesthrougho

5、utEuropeandNorthAmerica,theauthorattemptstoprovideanobjectiveandcomprehensivehistoricalaccountoftheseguestritualsandhowtheywerenarratedthroughouthistory.Byanalyzingthewayinwhichtextsandillustrationswereproduced,andconductingdirectandcrossexaminations,theauthorattemptstogras

6、pthesubjectivepointofviewofeachauthor.NewfindingsrevealthattheChineseandtheBritishreachedacompromise,andlaterreportsoftheseguestritualsdocumentedbyChineseandBritishofficialswerecreatedinsuchawayastoprovideampleroomforinterpretationadvantageoustoeachside,whileneglectingthose

7、aspectsconsideredlessrespectful.TheagreementwasthatMacartneywouldperformaslightlymodifiedChineseceremonyduringthereceptionoftheBritishAmbassador,whichconsistedofkneelingthreetimesonbothkneesandbowingprofoundlythriceeachtimewithoutperformingthekowtow.Immediatelythereafterhew

8、ouldperformtheBritishceremonywhendeliveringthecredential,whichinvolvedkneelingonon