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1、ChineseAncientScienceAndTechnology——TheGreatWallTheGreatWallofChinaisaseriesofstoneandearthenfortificationsinnorthernChina,builtoriginallytoprotectthenorthernbordersoftheChineseEmpireagainstintrusionsbyvariousnomadicgroups.Severalwallshavebeenbuiltsincethe5thcenturyBCthatarereferredtocollectivelya
2、stheGreatWall,whichhasbeenrebuiltandmaintainedfromthe5thcenturyBCthroughthe16thcentury.Oneofthemostfamousisthewallbuiltbetween220–206BCbythefirstEmperorofChina,QinShiHuang.Littleofthatwallremains;themajorityoftheexistingwallwasbuiltduringtheMingDynasty.长城是位于中国北方，由一系列的石头和泥土建成的防御工事，最初修建是为了防止各游牧名族入侵中
3、华帝国的北部边界。一些墙体自公元前5世纪就建成的，集体被称为长城，已重建，并从公元前5世纪到公元前16世纪保持统称。其中最有名的是由中国第一个皇帝秦始皇在公元前220-202年间修建的，这部分很少有保存下来的，现存的长城遗迹大部分是在明代修建的。TheGreatWallstretchesfromShanhaiguanintheeast,toLopNurinthewest,alonganarcthatroughlydelineatesthesouthernedgeofInnerMongolia.Themostcomprehensivearchaeologicalsurvey,usingadv
4、ancedtechnologies,hasconcludedthattheentireGreatWall,withallofitsbranches,stretchesfor8,851.8km(5,500.3mi).Thisismadeupof6,259.6km(3,889.5mi)sectionsofactualwall,359.7km(223.5mi)oftrenchesand2,232.5km(1,387.2mi)ofnaturaldefensivebarrierssuchashillsandrivers.长城东起山海关，，呈弧线形。大致沿内蒙古的南缘绵阳至罗布波西部，采用先进的技术和
5、最全面的调查，得出的结论认为，包括所有分支，长城共绵阳长达8851.8千米{5500.3英里}。这是由6259.6千米{3889.5英里}实的际墙体，359.7千米{223.5英里}的战壕和2232.5千米{1387.2公里}的天然防御屏障，如山丘和河流等组成的。TheChinesewerealreadyfamiliarwiththetechniquesofwall-buildingbythetimeoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod,whichbeganaroundthe8thcenturyBC.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriodfromthe5t
6、hcenturyBCto221BC,thestatesofQin,Wei,Zhao,Qi,YanandZhongshanallconstructedextensivefortificationstodefendtheirownborders.大约在春秋时期，即约公元前8世纪开始，中国人就熟悉墙体建筑技术了。到了战国时期，约从公元前5世纪到公元前221年间，秦，魏，赵，齐，燕所有国家都修建防御来保卫自己的边界。QinShiHuangconqueredallopposingstatesandunifiedChinain221BC,establishingtheQinDynasty.Intend
7、ingtoimposecentralizedruleandpreventtheresurgenceoffeudallords,heorderedthedestructionofthewallsectionsthatdividedhisempirealongtheformerstateborders.ToprotecttheempireagainstintrusionsbytheXiongnupeoplefromtheno
