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1、AllusionsStandardChineseandsinologicalpracticeistocitetheearliestimportantsourceforareference.Theactualsourceorsourcesforaparticularusageisconsiderablymorevarious.Sometimesthepoetdoesindeedhaveinmindasourcetext.Inothercasesthepoetmay,whileknowingtheorigi-nalsource,thinkofareferencethroughafamousl
2、aterusage,wherenewelementsmaybeadded(asinthecaseofShaoPingbelow,wheretheRuanJipoemmediatedlaterunderstandingofthereference).Oftenawriteristhinkingofanepitomeoftheoriginaltext,ascanbefoundinencyclopedias,leishu.Instillothercasestherearemultiplesourceswhichhavecometogetherasa“story,”referencetowhic
3、hwassocommonthatittranscendedanyparticularsource.Somereferencesarestraightforwardandhaveprettymuchonlyonemeaningorassociation.Others,especiallyreferencestoindividuals,maybecontextuallystraightforward,butcaninviteconfusionandmisinter-pretationbythosewhoarenotfamiliarwiththehabitsofusage.Themostcom
4、monproblemisknowingtoomuch.Ifasoldieriscalled“anAchilles,”itsimplymeansthatheisaskilledanddaringwarrior.Itdoesnotmeanthatheisgoingtodieyoung,anditdoesnotmeanthathewillregrethavingeverbecomeawarrior—astheshadeofAchillestellsOdys-seusintheunderworld.Ihaveoftenpurposefullykeptthesedecriptionsverysho
5、rtandtothepoint.DuFuuses“OldDeerskin”鹿皮翁threetimes.ThefullstoryintheShenxianzhuan神仙傳isanaccountofhowhebecameanimmortal,withmuchuniquedetail,inwhichheclimbstoaspringoftheimmortalsandlatersummonshisfamilypartwayupthepeak,savingthemfroma floodthatdevastatedtheregion.Itisonlyafterthis,however,thatheb
6、eginstoweardeerskinandmakesalivingbysellingmedicinalherbs.DuFuisclearlynotthinkingofthefullstory,butonlyofOldDeerskinasarecluse.Sometimescertainaspectsofastorymayhavegreatresonanceinonecontextandbetotallyignoredinanothercontext.BoYiandShuQiweretwobrotherswho,atthebeginningoftheZhoudynasty,wentoff
7、toMountShouyangwheretheylivedbypickingwildbeansorfernsandeventuallystarvingtodeath.ThereasonthatthetwobrothersmadethisdecisionwasinprotestoftheZhou’soverthrowoftheShangdynasty;©2016,StephenOwen.Thisworkislicensedundert
