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1、AllusionsStandardChineseandsinologicalpracticeistocitetheearliestimportantsourceforareference.Theactualsourceorsourcesforaparticularusageisconsiderablymorevarious.Sometimesthepoetdoesindeedhaveinmindasourcetext.Inothercasesthepoetmay,whileknowingtheorigi-nalsource,thinkofareferencethroughafa
2、mouslaterusage,wherenewelementsmaybeadded(asinthecaseofShaoPingbelow,wheretheRuanJipoemmediatedlaterunderstandingofthereference).Oftenawriteristhinkingofanepitomeoftheoriginaltext,ascanbefoundinencyclopedias,leishu.Instillothercasestherearemultiplesourceswhichhavecometogetherasa“story,”refer
3、encetowhichwassocommonthatittranscendedanyparticularsource.Somereferencesarestraightforwardandhaveprettymuchonlyonemeaningorassociation.Others,especiallyreferencestoindividuals,maybecontextuallystraightforward,butcaninviteconfusionandmisinter-pretationbythosewhoarenotfamiliarwiththehabitsofu
4、sage.Themostcommonproblemisknowingtoomuch.Ifasoldieriscalled“anAchilles,”itsimplymeansthatheisaskilledanddaringwarrior.Itdoesnotmeanthatheisgoingtodieyoung,anditdoesnotmeanthathewillregrethavingeverbecomeawarrior—astheshadeofAchillestellsOdys-seusintheunderworld.Ihaveoftenpurposefullykeptthe
5、sedecriptionsveryshortandtothepoint.DuFuuses“OldDeerskin”鹿皮翁threetimes.ThefullstoryintheShenxianzhuan神仙傳isanaccountofhowhebecameanimmortal,withmuchuniquedetail,inwhichheclimbstoaspringoftheimmortalsandlatersummonshisfamilypartwayupthepeak,savingthemfroma floodthatdevastatedtheregion.Itisonly
6、afterthis,however,thathebeginstoweardeerskinandmakesalivingbysellingmedicinalherbs.DuFuisclearlynotthinkingofthefullstory,butonlyofOldDeerskinasarecluse.Sometimescertainaspectsofastorymayhavegreatresonanceinonecontextandbetotallyignoredinanothercontext.BoYiandShuQiweretwobrotherswho,atthebeg
7、inningoftheZhoudynasty,wentofftoMountShouyangwheretheylivedbypickingwildbeansorfernsandeventuallystarvingtodeath.ThereasonthatthetwobrothersmadethisdecisionwasinprotestoftheZhou’soverthrowoftheShangdynasty;©2016,StephenOwen.Thisworkislicensedundert
