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1、AllusionsStandardChineseandsinologicalpracticeistocitetheearliestimportantsourceforareference.Theactualsourceorsourcesforaparticularusageisconsiderablymorevarious.Sometimesthepoetdoesindeedhaveinmindasourcetext.Inothercasesthepoetmay,whileknowingtheorigi-nalsource,thinkofaref
2、erencethroughafamouslaterusage,wherenewelementsmaybeadded(asinthecaseofShaoPingbelow,wheretheRuanJipoemmediatedlaterunderstandingofthereference).Oftenawriteristhinkingofanepitomeoftheoriginaltext,ascanbefoundinencyclopedias,leishu.Instillothercasestherearemultiplesourceswhich
3、havecometogetherasa“story,”referencetowhichwassocommonthatittranscendedanyparticularsource.Somereferencesarestraightforwardandhaveprettymuchonlyonemeaningorassociation.Others,especiallyreferencestoindividuals,maybecontextuallystraightforward,butcaninviteconfusionandmisinter-p
4、retationbythosewhoarenotfamiliarwiththehabitsofusage.Themostcommonproblemisknowingtoomuch.Ifasoldieriscalled“anAchilles,”itsimplymeansthatheisaskilledanddaringwarrior.Itdoesnotmeanthatheisgoingtodieyoung,anditdoesnotmeanthathewillregrethavingeverbecomeawarrior—astheshadeofAch
5、illestellsOdys-seusintheunderworld.Ihaveoftenpurposefullykeptthesedecriptionsveryshortandtothepoint.DuFuuses“OldDeerskin”鹿皮翁threetimes.ThefullstoryintheShenxianzhuan神仙傳isanaccountofhowhebecameanimmortal,withmuchuniquedetail,inwhichheclimbstoaspringoftheimmortalsandlatersummon
6、shisfamilypartwayupthepeak,savingthemfroma floodthatdevastatedtheregion.Itisonlyafterthis,however,thathebeginstoweardeerskinandmakesalivingbysellingmedicinalherbs.DuFuisclearlynotthinkingofthefullstory,butonlyofOldDeerskinasarecluse.Sometimescertainaspectsofastorymayhavegreat
7、resonanceinonecontextandbetotallyignoredinanothercontext.BoYiandShuQiweretwobrotherswho,atthebeginningoftheZhoudynasty,wentofftoMountShouyangwheretheylivedbypickingwildbeansorfernsandeventuallystarvingtodeath.ThereasonthatthetwobrothersmadethisdecisionwasinprotestoftheZhou’so
8、verthrowoftheShangdynasty;©2016,StephenOwen.Thisworkislicensedundert
