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1、INTERNATIONALSHIPPING:GLOBALREGULATIONFORAGLOBALINDUSTRYSource:[1]KrishnaPrasad,ChangingRoleofShip-Brokers,JournalofInformationTechnology,2004[2]EuropeanCommunity,OverviewoftheInternationalCommercialShipbuildingIndustry,FirstMarineInternationalLimited.2003[
2、3]ICS,IMO,Internationalshipping:GlobalRegulationForaGlobalIndustry,InternationalChamberofShipping,2007ConclusionsfromModalWorkshop4atthe2009InternationalTransportForumStatementbytheInternationalChamberofShipping(ICS)andtheInternationalMaritimeOrganization(I
3、MO)ThefollowingstatementreflectsthediscussionduringModalWorkshop4,InternationalShipping:GlobalRegulationforaGlobalIndustry,whichtookplaceatthe2009InternationalTransportForuminLeipzig,Germany,on27May2009.Followingseveralyearsofincrediblybuoyantshippingmarket
4、s,formanytradesthebestinlivingmemory,muchoftheinternationalshippingindustryhasfallenpreytotheworldwideeconomicdownturn.Shippingisinherentlytheservantoftheeconomy,sothecontractionintrade,followingthebeginningofthe‘creditcrunch’inlate2008,hastranslatedintoadr
5、amaticandabruptreductionindemandforshipping.Initiallyworsthurtwerethecontainershiptrades.Bythespringof2009some10%ofthefleetwasalreadylaidup,muchofittoomodernandexpensivetogotorecyclingyards.However,thedrybulktradeshavealsobeenseverelyaffected,particularlyby
6、thereductionindemandforrawmaterialsfromChina,withspotmarketfreightratesforsomebulkcarriersbeingafractionofthepeakpricesachievedin2008.ByApril2009,ratesforcrude,productandchemicaltankershadalsofallenverysharply.Ingeneralmostshippingmarketspresentaratherbleak
7、picture.AmajorconcernofICSnationalshipowners’associationsthereforeistodiscouragegovernmentsfromrespondingtothecrisiswithprotectionistmeasures,whichwillonlydamageworldtradefurther.Moreparticularly,15governmentsmustavoidmeasuresthatrestrictfairandopenaccessto
8、shippingmarkets.Althoughmostshippingtodayenjoysrelativelyliberalisedtradingconditionscomparedtothedaysofnationalcargoreservationinthe1980s,shippingisunusualinthatitisoneofthefewmajorindustriesnotyetcov