人工智能神经网络及其语言 on lisp - advanced techniques for common lisp

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1、PrefaceThisbookisintendedforanyonewhowantstobecomeabetterLispprogrammer.ItassumessomefamiliaritywithLisp,butnotnecessarilyextensiveprogrammingexperience.Thefirstfewchapterscontainafairamountofreview.IhopethatthesesectionswillbeinterestingtomoreexperiencedLispprogrammersaswell,beca

2、usetheypresentfamiliarsubjectsinanewlight.It’sdifficulttoconveytheessenceofaprogramminglanguageinonesentence,butJohnFoderarohascomeclose:Lispisaprogrammableprogramminglanguage.ThereismoretoLispthanthis,buttheabilitytobendLisptoone’swillisalargepartofwhatdistinguishesaLispexpertfro

3、manovice.Aswellaswritingtheirprogramsdowntowardthelanguage,experiencedLispprogrammersbuildthelanguageuptowardtheirprograms.Thisbookteacheshowtoprograminthebottom-upstyleforwhichLispisinherentlywell-suited.Bottom-upDesignBottom-updesignisbecomingmoreimportantassoftwaregrowsincompl

4、exity.Programstodaymayhavetomeetspecificationswhichareextremelycomplex,orevenopen-ended.Undersuchcircumstances,thetraditionaltop-downmethodsometimesbreaksdown.InitsplacetherehasevolvedastyleofprogrammingvviPREFACEquitedifferentfromwhatiscurrentlytaughtinmostcomputersciencecourses:

5、abottom-upstyleinwhichaprogramiswrittenasaseriesoflayers,eachoneactingasasortofprogramminglanguagefortheoneabove.XWindowsandTEXareexamplesofprogramswritteninthisstyle.Thethemeofthisbookistwofold:thatLispisanaturallanguageforprogramswritteninthebottom-upstyle,andthatthebottom-upst

6、yleisanaturalwaytowriteLispprograms.OnLispwillthusbeofinteresttotwoclassesofreaders.Forpeopleinterestedinwritingextensibleprograms,thisbookwillshowwhatyoucandoifyouhavetherightlanguage.ForLispprogrammers,thisbookoffersapracticalexplanationofhowtouseLisptoitsbestadvantage.Thetitle

7、isintendedtostresstheimportanceofbottom-upprogramminginLisp.InsteadofjustwritingyourprograminLisp,youcanwriteyourownlanguageonLisp,andwriteyourprograminthat.Itispossibletowriteprogramsbottom-upinanylanguage,butLispisthemostnaturalvehicleforthisstyleofprogramming.InLisp,bottom-upd

8、esignisnotaspecialtechniquereservedforun