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1、PERSPECTIVEImplicationsofbiogeographyofhumanpopulationsfor‘race’andmedicineSarahATishkoff1&KennethKKidd2Inthisreview,wefocusonthebiogeographicaldistributionoftheNazi-ledholocaust),colonialism,slavery,andothersocialgeneticvariationandaddresswhetherornotpopulationsinequiti
2、es9.Giventhistaintedhistoryofbiologicalstudiesofrace,itisclusteraccordingtothepopularconceptof‘race’.Weshownowonderthattherehasbeenanunderstandablefearofusingbiolog-thatracialclassificationsareinadequatedescriptorsoftheicalmarkerstomakeracialclassifications.distributiono
3、fgeneticvariationinourspecies.AlthoughFewoftheearlyclassificationsofraceweredisassociatedfromthehttp://www.nature.com/naturegeneticspopulationsdoclusterbybroadgeographicregions,whichsocialandpoliticalviewsofthetime.In1758,Linnaeusproposedwhatgenerallycorrespondtosocially
4、recognizedraces,theheconsideredtobenaturaltaxonomiccategoriesofthehumandistributionofgeneticvariationisquasicontinuousinclinalspecies10.HedistinguishedbetweenHomosapiensaferandHomosapi-patternsrelatedtogeography.Thebroadglobalpatternreflectsenseuropaeusandlateraddedfourg
5、eographicalsubdivisionsoftheaccumulationofgeneticdriftassociatedwitharecenthumans:whiteEuropeans,redAmericans,yellowAsiansandblackAfricanoriginofmodernhumans,followedbyexpansionoutofAfricans9,10.AlthoughLinnaeusintendedanobjectiveclassification,Africaandacrosstherestofth
6、eglobe.Becausediseasegenesheusedbothbiologicalandculturaldatainhissubdivisiondescrip-maybegeographicallyrestrictedduetomutation,geneticdrift,tions10.In1775,Blumenbachcategorizedhumansintofive‘races’,migrationandnaturalselection,knowledgeofindividualwhichlargelycorrespond
7、edwithLinnaeus’sclassificationsexceptforancestrywillbeimportantforbiomedicalstudies.IdentifierstheadditionofOceanians(whomhecalled‘Malay’)10.In1962,thebasedonracewilloftenbeinsufficient.physicalanthropologistCarltonCoonfurtherrefinedthisclassifica-tionoffiveracesonthebas
8、isofphenotypicphysicalfeatures;hecalledOneofthegrandchallengesofthepost–human-genome-sequenceeratherace
