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1、PERSPECTIVEGeneticvariation,classificationand‘race’LynnBJorde&StephenPWoodingNewgeneticdatahasenabledscientiststore-examinetheInthisreview,weprovideageneraloverviewofpatternsofhumanrelationshipbetweenhumangeneticvariationand‘race’.Wevariation,firstatt
2、hepopulationlevelandthenattheindividuallevel.reviewtheresultsofgeneticanalysesthatshowthathumanWealsodiscusswhethercurrentgeneticdatasupporttraditionalcon-geneticvariationisgeographicallystructured,inaccordwithceptsofrace,andtheimplicationsofthesedata
3、formedicalresearchhistoricalpatternsofgeneflowandgeneticdrift.Analysisofandpractice.manylocinowyieldsreasonablyaccurateestimatesofgeneticsimilarityamongindividuals,ratherthanpopulations.VariationatthepopulationlevelClusteringofindividualsiscorrelatedw
4、ithgeographicoriginorTheaverageproportionofnucleotidedifferencesbetweenarandomlyhttp://www.nature.com/naturegeneticsancestry.Theseclustersarealsocorrelatedwithsomechosenpairofhumans(i.e.,averagenucleotidediversity,orp)iscon-traditionalconceptsofrace,b
5、utthecorrelationsareimperfectsistentlyestimatedtoliebetween1in1,000and1in1,500(refs.9,10).becausegeneticvariationtendstobedistributedinaThisproportionislowcomparedwiththoseofmanyotherspecies,continuous,overlappingfashionamongpopulations.Therefore,from
6、fruitfliestochimpanzees11,12,reflectingtherecentoriginofourancestry,orevenrace,mayinsomecasesproveusefulinthespeciesfromasmallfoundingpopulation13.ThepvalueforHomobiomedicalsetting,butdirectassessmentofdisease-relatedsapienscanbeputintoperspectivebyco
7、nsideringthathumansdiffergeneticvariationwillultimatelyyieldmoreaccurateandfromchimpanzeesatonly1in100nucleotides,onaverage14,15.beneficialinformation.Becausethereareapproximatelythreebillionnucleotidebasepairsinthehaploidhumangenome,eachpairofhumansd
8、iffers,onaverage,Fewconceptshaveastarnishedandcontentiousahistoryas‘race’1.bytwotothreemillionbasepairs.Amongboththescientificandlaycommunities,thenotionthatOfthe0.1%ofDNAthatvariesamongindividuals,whatproportionhumanscanbegroupedintodifferent
