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1、2010考研英语英语知识运用部分原文以及译文万学海文 2010年的考研英语英语知识运用部分，使用了2009年6月6日Economist《经济学人》杂志上的一篇文章，文章主要内容，是对社会学上一个经典的理论：霍桑效应的批判和反思。文章难度适中。命题专家在出题的时候也进行了一定程度的改写。下面是题源的原文及译文。 质疑霍桑效应照明的作用 QuestioningtheHawthorneeffect 原文： WHENAmerica’sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosup
2、erviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicagoin1924,ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlightingaffectedworkers’productivity.Instead,thestudiesendedupgivingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluential
3、ideathattheveryactofbeingexperimenteduponchangessubjects’behaviour. TheideaarosebecauseoftheperplexingbehaviourofthewomenwhoassembledrelaysandwoundcoilsofwireintheHawthorneplant.Accordingtoaccountsoftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,but
4、alsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnotmatterwhatwasdone;solongassomethingwaschanged,productivityrose.Anawarenessthattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobeenoughtoalterworkers’behaviourbyitself. Thedatafromtheilluminationexperimentshadneverbeenrigorouslyanalysedandwerebeli
5、evedlost.ButStevenLevittandJohnList,twoeconomistsattheUniversityofChicago,discoveredthatthedatahadsurvivedthedecadesintwoarchivesinMilwaukeeandBoston,anddecidedtosubjectthemtoeconometricanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstoreforthem.Contrarytothe
6、descriptionsintheliterature,theyfoundnosystematicevidencethatlevelsofproductivityinthefactoryrosewheneverchangesinlightingwereimplemented. Itturnsoutthatidiosyncrasiesinthewaytheexperimentswereconductedmayhaveledtomisleadinginterpretationsofwhathappened.Forexampl
7、e,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday,whentheplantwasclosed.WhenitreopenedonMonday,outputdulyrosecomparedwithSaturday,thelastworkingdaybeforethechange,andcontinuedtoriseforthenextcoupleofdays.Butacomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutpu
8、talwayswentuponMondays.Workerstendedtobeaverawayforthefirstfewdaysoftheworkingweekinanycase,beforehittingaplateauandthenslackeningoff. Anotheroftheorig
