vol198(2004)electroweak symmetry breaking-- the bottom-up approach (wolfgang kilian)

《vol198(2004)electroweak symmetry breaking-- the bottom-up approach (wolfgang kilian)》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。

1、1Introduction1.1TheHierarchyProblemofParticlePhysicsAsfarasweknow,theconstituentsofourworldexperiencefourbasictypesofinteraction.Thesearetheelectromagnetic,weak,strong,andgravitationalforces.Elaboratetheorieshavebeendevelopedforalloftheminthepastcen-tury,whi

2、chareinexcellentagreementwithallexperimentaldata.ThefirsttwoareunifiedintheelectroweaktheoryofGlashow,Salam,andWeinberg[1,2].ThestrongforceisdescribedbyQuantumChromodynamics(QCD)[3,4],andsinceitsharesmanypropertieswiththeelectroweakforce,thecommondescriptionof

3、electroweakandstronginteractionsisreferredtoastheStan-dardModel(SM).Finally,Einstein’stheoryofGeneralRelativityprovidesthetheoryofgravitation,andeventhoughitisnotaquantumtheory,itissufficienttodescribegravitationalinteractionsasfarastheyarepresentlyaccessible.

4、Nevertheless,thereareopenquestionsthatcannotbeansweredbythesetheories.Inthisbookwewillfocusononeofthem,thehierarchyprob-lemofparticle-physicsscaleswhichisassociatedwithelectroweakphysics,anddiscusshowitcanbeaddressedbyexperimentsatpresentandfuturecolliders.T

5、hestrengthsofthefundamentalforcesarecharacterizedbythreequan-tities,namely[5]theprotonmass,mp=0.983271998(38)GeV,(1.1)theFermiconstant,G=1.16639(1)×10−5GeV−2,(1.2)FNewton’sconstant,G=6.707(10)×10−39GeV−2,(1.3)Nexpressedinparticle-physicsunitswhere
=c=1.Inver

6、tingthelattertwo,wehavethreedifferentfundamentalmassscales,WolfgangKilian:ElectroweakSymmetryBreaking,STMP198,1–6(2004)©Springer-VerlagNewYork,Inc.200421Introductiontheprotonmass,mp≈1GeV,(1.4)√theFermiscale,v=(2G)−1/2≈246GeV,(1.5)F−1/219thePlanckscale,MPlanck

7、=GN≈1.22×10GeV.(1.6)Allthreescalesareofimmediaterelevanceformacroscopicphysics,evenforoureverydaylife.Firstofall,theprotonsandneutronswhichmakeupatomicnucleiarecompositeparticles,andtheirmassesaredeterminednotbytheirelementaryconstituents,butbytheinherentsca

8、leofthestronginteractionswhichbindthemtogether.Sincethedominantcontributiontothemassofanyatomcomesfromitsnucleus,thestrong-interactionscale,representedbytheprotonmass,setsthemassscaleofallbodies