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1、一、名词解释1、Psychologicaldistance:itmaybethatthetrulypragmaticbasisofspecialdeixisisactuallypsychological.Physicallycloseobjectswilltendtobetreatedbythespeakeraspsychologicallyclose.Also,sththatisphysicallydistantwillgenerallybetreatedaspsychologicallydistant.2、Reference:referenceisanac
2、tinwhichaspeaker,orwriter,useslinguisticformstoenablealistener,orreader,toidentifysomething.3、inference:Inference istheactorprocessofderivinglogicalconclusionsfrompremisesknownorassumedtobetrue.4、Presupposition:apresuppositionissomethingthespeakerassumestobethecasepriortomakinganutt
3、erance,speakers,notsentences,havepresupposition.5、Entailment:anentailmentissomethingthatlogicallyfollowsfromwhatisassertedintheutterance,sentences,notspeakers,haveentailments.6、Face,:facemeansthepublicself-imageofaperson.Itrefersthatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexp
4、ectseveryoneelsetorecognize.7、Politeness:inaninteraction,canthenbedefinedasthemeansemployedtoshowawarenessofanotherperson'sface.二、简答题1、what'spragmatics?Typesofit.Pragmaticsisconcernedwiththestudyofmeaningascommunicatedbyaspeaker(orwriter)andinterpretedbyalistener{orreader}①pragmatic
5、sisthestudyofspeakermeaning.②pragmaticsisthestudyofcontextualmeaning.③pragmaticsisthestudyofhowmoregetsitcommunicatedthanissaid.④pragmaticsisthestudyoftheexpressionofrelativedistance.2、what'sdeixis?Deixisisatechnicalterm(fromGreek)foroneofthemostbasicthingswedowithutterance.Itmeans'
6、pointing'vialanguage.Anylinguisticformusedtoaccomplishthis'pointing'iscalledadeicticexpression.Deicticexpressionsarealsosometimescalledindexicals.Theyareamongthefirstformstobebrokenbyveryyoungchildrenandcanbeusedtoindicatepeopleviapersondeixis(me,you),orlocationviaspatialdeixis(here
7、,there),ortimeviatemporaldeixis(now,then).3、Typesofpresupposition.①Theexistentialpresuppositionisnotonlyassumedtobepresentinpossessiveconstruction(forexample,'yourcar'>>'youhaveacar)②Thepresupposedinformationfollowingaverblike'know'canbetreatedasafact,andisdescribedasafactivepresupp
8、osition,suchas‘real
