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1、THEDIGESTORPANDECTS.BOOKIX.TITLEI.CONCERNINGTHECOMMISSIONOFDAMAGEBYAQUADRUPED.1.Ulpianus,OntheEdict,BookXVIII.Whereaquadrupedissaidtohavecommitteddamage,anactionwhichhascomedownfromaLawoftheTwelveTablesmaybebrought;whichLawprescribesthateitherwhatevercausedthedamagemustbeg
2、ivenup,thatis,thattheanimalthatcommitteditshallbesurrendered,oranamountofmoneyequivalenttothedamageshallbepaid.(1)Theterm"noxia"meanstheoffenceitself.(2)Thisactionhasreferencetoeverykindofquadruped.(3)Theprætorsays"pauperiemfecisse",whichsignifiesthedamagecausedwithoutwron
3、gbytheanimalwhichcommitsit,forananimalcannotbeguiltyofwronginlaw,becauseitisdeficientinreason.(4)Therefore,asServiusstates,thisactionisavailablewhereananimalcommitsdamageafteritsferocityhasbeenaroused;forexample,whereahorsewhichhasthehabitofkicking,kicks,oranoxwhichisaccus
4、tomedtobutt,doesso;oramulecommitsdamagebyreasonofextremesavageness.Butifananimalshouldupsetaloadonanyoneonaccountoftheinequalityoftheground,orthenegligenceofthedriver,orbecausetheanimalwasoverloaded;thisactionwillnotlie,butproceedingsmustbeinstitutedforwrongfulinjury.(5)Wh
5、ere,however,adog,whileheisbeingledbysomeone,breaksawayonaccountofhisviciousness,andinflictsinjuryuponanother;thenifhecouldhavebeenheldmoresecurelybysomeoneelse,orifthepartyshouldnothaveledhimthroughthatplace,thisactionwillnotlie,andthepartywhohadchargeofthedogwillbeliable.
6、(6)Moreover,thisactionwillnotlieifthesavageanimalcausesanydamagethroughtheinstigationofanother.(7)And,generallyspeaking,thisactioncanbebroughtwheneverasavageanimaldoesanydamagewhichiscontrarytoitsnature,and,therefore,ifahorseirritatedbypain,kicks,thisactionwillnotlie;butth
7、epartywhostruckorwoundedthehorsewillbeliablerathertoanactioninfactum,thanundertheLexAquilia,fornootherreasonthanthatthepartydidnotcommittheinjurywithhisownbody.Butwhereanyonecaressesahorse,orpatshim,andheiskickedbyit,therewillbegroundforthisaction.(8)Whereoneanimalprovokes
8、anotherandcausesittocommitsomedamage,theactionmustbebroughtwithreferencetotheonethatcause
