2012职称英语理工类a级新增文章

《2012职称英语理工类a级新增文章》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。

2012年职称英语理工类新增A级文章篇目阅读理解（2篇）+四＋五篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety+四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"完形填空（2篇）+十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells+第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第#页；第四＋五篇SmallButWiseOnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsareborn."I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseenbefore,"saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor"Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer."Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace一buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.Theseobjectsare"failed"stars一whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9the samekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.词汇：trashcan/'træʃ,kæn/n．垃圾箱infrared/'infrə'red/adj．红外线asteroid/'æstərɔid/n.小行星dwarf/dwɔ:f/n.矮星注释：1.NASA（美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration2.thewildestobjects：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3.faintstars,blazinggalaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。4.polarorbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5.lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如：Sheovertooktheotherrunnersonthelastlap.她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6.infraredradiation：红外线辐射7.spectrumoflight：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8.Browndwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jumpstart:启动练习：1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.BItisassmallasatrashcan.CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword"snap"inthethirdparagraph?Amake.Bshoot.CtakeDphotograph.3.ThecameraonWISEAisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout"asteroids"accordingtoparagraph7?AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras,DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope. 答案与题解：1.C短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（intheknownuniverse）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2.Asnap是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot,take和photograph都是snap的同义词。3.C短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visiblelights，看不见红外线辐射（infraredradiation)，而WISE的相机能够看到。4.A短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。5.B最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE照片中，根据上文对WISE望远镜的描述只有WISE望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"　　ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.　　Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.　　Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.　　DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."　　"Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.　　Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.　　DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:"Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."　　Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem．Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicaland chemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.词汇：predator/'predətə/n．食肉动物nutrient/'nju:triənt/n．营养物；adj．营养的decomposer/,di:kəm'pəuzə/n．腐生物；分解体prey/prei/v．捕食；n．被捕食的动物subtlety/'sʌtlti/n，微妙，精妙herbivore/'hʒ:bivɔ:/n．食草动物注释：1.theUniversityofExeter：埃克斯特大学。1851年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。2.nestbuilding：筑巢3.territorial：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。4.anincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5.biomass：物质名词，由bio和mass两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6.biodiversity：物质名词，由bio和diversity两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.themaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8.belowgroundprocesses：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。练习：1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?ABecausetheybuildtheirownnests.BBecausetheycollectfood.CBecausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.DBecausetheyarepredators.2.Aspredators,antsApreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.BcollectnutritiousfoodfromthesoilCcollectfoodasdecomposers.Dpreyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.3.DirSanders'studycenteredonhowantsAcanmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.Bdefendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Cattackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.Dproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?AAntsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.BAntsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.CAnts'predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.DAthigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.5.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?AWhatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?BHowdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?CHowdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagivenecosystem?DHowdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?答案与题解：1.C短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境（见第二段）。2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物（larger animals)。prey在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。3.DDirkSanders说：“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中thesubtletiesofit的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。4.B短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（alowdensityofants）的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加（increasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（Athigherdensities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段DrFrankvanVeen表达了大体相同的内容。5.C最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（theseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（”itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.”）。完形填空第十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCellsAdramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflightdiscoveredbyUniversityofMichigan1researcherscouldleadtosolarpowerwithouttraditionalsemiconductor-basedsolarcells.Theresearchersfoundawaytomakean"optical1,"saidStephenRand,aprofessorinthedepartmentsofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,PhysicsandAppliedPhysics.Lighthaselectricandmagneticcomponents.Untilnow,scientiststhoughtthe2ofthemagneticfieldweresoweakthattheycouldbeignored.WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthan3expected.4thesecircumstances,themagneticeffectsdevelopstrengthequivalenttoastrongelectriceffect."Thiscouldleadtoanewkindofsolarcellwithoutsemiconductorsandwithoutabsorptiontoproducechargeseparation,"Randsaid."Insolarcells,the5goesintoamaterial,getsabsorbedandcreatesheat.Here,weexpecttohaveaverylowheatload2.Insteadofthelightbeingabsorbed,energyisstoredinthemagneticmoment3.Intensemagnetizationcanbeinducedbyintenselightandthenitisultimatelycapableofprovidingacapacitivepower6."Whatmakesthispossibleisapreviouslyundetectedbrandof"opticalrectification4,"saysWilliamFisher,adoctoralstudent5inappliedphysics.Intraditionalopticalrectification,light'selectricfieldcausesachargeseparation,orapulling7ofthepositiveandnegativecharges6inamaterial.Thissetsupavoltage,similarto8inabattery.RandandFisherfoundthatundertherightcircumstancesandinrighttypesofmaterials,thelight'smagneticfieldcanalsocreateopticalrectification.Thelightmustbeshonethrough7a9thatdoesnot10electricity,suchasglass.Anditmustbefocusedtoanintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter8.Sunlightisn'tthisintenseonitsown,butnewmaterialsarebeingsoughtthatwouldworkatlowerintensities,Fishersaid."Inourmostrecentpaper,weshowthatincoherentlight9likesunlightistheoreticallyalmostas.11inproducingchargeseparationaslaserlightis,"Fishersaid.Thisnew12couldmakesolarpowercheaper,theresearcherssay.Theypredictthatwithimprovedmaterialstheycouldachieve10percentefficiencyin13solarpowertouseableenergy.That'sequivalenttotoday'scommercial-gradesolarcells."Tomanufacture14solarcells,youhavetodoextensivesemiconductorprocessing,"Fishersaid."Allwewouldneedarelensestofocusthelightandafibertoguideit.Glassworksfor15.It'salreadymadeinbulk10,anditdoesn'trequireasmuchprocessing.Transparentceramicsmightbeevenbetter."词汇： optical/'ɔptikəl/adj．光学的incoherent/,inkəu’hiərənt/adj．非相干的capacitive/kə'pæsitiv/adj.电容（量）的semiconductor/,semikən’dʌktə／n．半导体rectification/,rektifi'keiʃən/n．改正，修正ceramics/si'ræmiks／n．陶瓷注释：1.UniversityofMichigan：密歇根大学。建校于1817年，是美国名列前茅的公立大学，拥有优良的师资和顶尖的商学院、法学院、医学院和工学院。2.heatload：热负荷3.magneticmoment：磁矩4.opticalrectification：光学校正5.doctoralstudent：博士生6.positiveandnegativecharges：正电荷与负电荷7.shonethrough：shone是shine的过去式。shinethrough是“（光）通过”。8.anintensityof10millionwattspersquarecentimeter：每平方厘米一千万瓦特的强度9.incoherentlight：非相干光10.It'salreadymadeinbulk：它（指玻璃）已大量生产。inbulk是“大量，成批”。练习：1.AmicroscopeBinstrumentCfiberDbattery2.AmodificationsBeffectsCapplicationsDresults3.AfrequentlyBprivatelyCpreviouslyDformally4.AUnderBAtCOnDOver5.AlightBelectricityCchemicalDmagnetism6.AplantBequipmentCsourceDline7.AdownBupCtogetherDapart8.AthisBthatCthoseDit9.AmaterialBlensCmeterDdetector10.AproduceBconveyCuseDconduct11.AremoteBpoorCeffectiveDrare12.AprototypeBskillCtechniqueDmiracle13.AconvertingBobtainingCdeliveringDtransmitting14.AcompactBmodernCdurableDhandy15.AothersBsomeCallDboth答案与题解：1.D第一段说密歇根大学发现，光所产生的巨大磁效应有望用于太阳能发电，从而取代传统的半导体太阳能电池。因此本题的正确选项应该是battery。opticalbattery是“光电池”。opticalmicroscope（光学显微镜）、opticalinstrument（光学仪器）或opticalfiber（光纤）与第一段的意思没有联系。2.B选择本题的答案的依据还是要回到第一段。第一段第一句的起始词语是“Adramaticandsurprisingmagneticeffectoflight"。本篇文章中心议题是用magneticeffectoflight开发新型的太阳能电池。而以前的科学家认为magneticeffectoflight太微弱，不值得去关注它。因此，本题选effects与上下文的意思很连贯。3.C本句的意思是：当光通过一种绝缘材料时，光场产生的磁效应比以前想象的要强一亿倍。previously是当然的选择。其他三个选项填入句子中，意思不合逻辑：frequently（频繁地）/privately（私下地）/formerly（正式地）expected。4.Aunderthesecircumstances是固定词组，意为“在这种情况下”。也可以说inthesecircumstances，而at、on或over都不与circumstances连用。5.A通篇文章谈的是光产生的磁效应，所以在太阳能电池中，当然是光进入某种材料起作用。答案是选项A。 6.C密歇根大学的科学家发现太阳光产生强烈的磁效应，再转换为电，所以磁效应是产生电的源泉（source）。powerplant（发电厂）、powerequipment（电力设备）或powerline（输电线）与上文的意思接不上。7.Dor在本句的意思是“即”，后面的词语是解释专业术语chargeseparation（电荷分离）。选apart与pushing构成pushingapart。pushingapart的意思相当于separation。所以本题的答案是D。8.B从上下文判断，要填人的代词是替代前面的voltage。根据英语语法，替代单数名词的代词要用that，替代复数名词的代词要用those。voltage是单数，所以that是答案。9.A从本句句末的suchasglass判断，要填入的词一定是包括glass的概括词。因此，只有选项material符合这个条件。而且第三、四段也都提到光磁场效应是由光通过一个不导电的材料（material）而产生的。10.D答案的根据可以在第三段中找到。原句是："WhatRandandhiscolleaguesfoundisthatattherightintensity,whenlightistravelingthroughamaterialthatdoesnotconductelectricity,thelightfieldcangeneratemagneticeffectsthatare100milliontimesstrongerthanpreviouslyexpected.”选项conduct是答案。11.C激光通过特定材料时能产生chargeseparation。密歇根大学科学家发现，阳光通过特定材料时也像激光一样能产生chargeseparation。如果chargeseparation是remote、poor或rare，密歇根大学科学家所说的利用光磁场效应开发新型的太阳能电池就不可能成立。所以答案是effective。12.C说这种样机（thisprototype）、技巧（thisskill）或这一奇迹（thismiracle）能降低太阳能的价格，似乎离题太远。只有用这一技术（thistechnology）概括上一段的意思才准确。因此本题答案是technology。13.A科学家预测，通过改进材料，可使太阳能转化成可用能源的效率达到10%。本题的答案是converting。而obtaining（得到）、delivering（输送）和transmitting（发射）与“能量转换”挂不上号。14.B通篇文章没有谈到新型太阳能电池是compact（紧凑小型的）、durable（耐用的）或handy（使用便利的），所以不会是答案。选modern是合理的，因为密歇根大学科学家研发的不用半导体的太阳能电池是先进的。15.D答案是both，指代的是上一句的“tofocusthelightandafibertoguideit”这两点。第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamageThemassivesubductionzone1earthquakeinJapancausedasignificantlevelofsoil"liquefaction"2thathassurprisedresearcherswithits1severity,anewanalysisshows."We'veseenlocalized3examplesofsoilliquefactionasextremeasthisbefore,butthedistanceand2ofdamageinJapanwereunusuallysevere,"saidScottAshford,aprofessorofgeotechnicalengineering4atOregonStateUniversity5."Entirestructuresweretiltedandsinkingintothesediments,"Ashfordsaid."Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,drainandgaspipelines6,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto3.Wesawsomeplacesthatsankasmuchasfourfeet."Somedegreeofsoilliquefaction7iscommoninalmostanymajorearthquake.It'saphenomenoninwhichsoilssoakedwithwater,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheir4andflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkor5.Butmostearthquakesaremuch6thantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis8."Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesaw7structuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuilton8filledground,aremuchmorevulnerable."ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoil9andbetterprepareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,10damagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts9."There'snodoubtthatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10that11willhelpustoreduce risksinothersimilar11,"Ashfordsaid."Futureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseoftechniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns."AshfordpointedoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoilsvulnerabletoliquefaction---onthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinareaswithfilledground.The"young"sediments,ingeologicterms,maybethose12withinthepast10,000yearsormore.InOregon,forinstance,thatdescribesmuchofdowntownPortland,thePortlandInternationalAirportandothercities.Anything13ariverandoldfloodplainsisasuspect12,andtheOregonDepartmentofTransportationhasalreadyconcludedthat1,100bridgesinthestateareatriskfromanearthquake.Fewerthan15percentofthemhavebeenreinforcedto14collapse.JapanhassufferedtremendouslossesintheMarch11earthquake,butJapaneseconstruction15helpedpreventmanybuildingsfromcollapse---evenastheytiltedandsankintotheground.词汇：subduction/sʌb'dʌkʃən/n．俯冲sediment/'sedimənt/n．沉积；沉淀物liquefaction/likwi'fækʃən/n．液化infrastructure/'Infrə,strʌktʃə/n．基础设施geotecnical/dʒiəu'teknikəl]adj．岩土技术compaction/kəm'pækʃən/n．压紧的vulnerable/'vʌlnərəbl/ad]．易受伤害的注释：1.subductionzone：俯冲带。亦称下降带、潜没带、消亡带。板块构造说认为，当大洋板块移动并与大陆板块相遇时，由于大洋板块岩石密度较大，地位也低，便俯冲到大陆板块之下，这一俯冲部分叫做俯冲带。俯冲带两侧板块会聚边界称会聚边缘（convergentboundary)。俯冲带上面反映震源活动的地带称“贝尼奥夫地震带（Benioffseismiczone)"。2.soil"liquefaction"：土壤液化。土壤液化现象是指由于孔隙水压力上升，有效应力减小所导致的土壤从固态到液态的变化，饱水的疏松的粉、细砂土在振动作用下突然破坏而呈现液态的现象。3.localized：小范围的4.geotechnicalengineering：岩土工程。5.OregonStateUniversity：俄勒冈州立大学，建校于1858年，位于美国俄勒冈州科瓦利斯，全校设11个学院，80多个专业，尤以农科和工程最为突出。2008年俄勒冈州立大学的核能工程专业在全美大学中排名第9名。6.water,drainandgaspipelines：自来水管道、排水管道和煤气管道。"water,drainandgaspipelines”即“waterpipelines,drainpipelinesandgaspipelines"。7.somedegreeofsoilliquefaction：某种程度的土壤液化8.toreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis：本句的意思是：重新审视类似这次（持续时间长的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毁坏的规模。9.recoveryefforts：重建工作10.thatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan：我们将从日本的地震中学到很多东西。该句是同位语从句，说出前半句nodoubt的内容。11.that：that引导的是定语从句，修辞前半句中的things。12.suspect：被怀疑对象。文中指的是那些疑似危险的土壤。练习：1.A．internalB.differentC.difficultD.widespread2.A．volumeB.lengthC.extentD.width3.A．functionB.repairC.buildD.remove 4.A．durabilityB.strengthC.abilityD.property5.A．ascendB.compactC.collapseD.recover6.A．shorterB.longerC.simplerD.stranger7.A．whenB.whatC.howD.which8.A．occasionallyB.frequentlyC.speciallyD.recently9.A．developmentB.phenomenonC.formationD.composition10.A．unlessB.untilC.afterD.before11.A．findingsB.locationsC.eventsD.sources12.A．deliveredB.depositedC.destroyedD.detached13.A．nearB.fromC.insideD.over14.A．preventB.accelerateC.predictD.detect15.A．stylesB.sitesC.costsD.standards答案与题解：1.D前文说到日本的俯冲带地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到达一个significantlevel。根据上述描述，选widespread（分布广泛的）修饰severity是正确的。其他三个选项与severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C本句由but连接并列的两个分句组成。第一个分句说以前也发生过地震引发的砂土液化的现象，但涉及范围较小。第二个分句通过but语气一转，说这次地震造成的破坏是罕见的。很显然，选extent(程度)与distance（距离，范围）合用说明破坏的程度和范围是符合上下文的意思的。3.A在“Theshiftsinsoildestroyedwater,sewerandgaspipelines,cripplingtheutilitiesandinfrastructurethesecommunitiesneedto…”中，"thesecommunitiesneedto...”是定语从句，指代utilities和infrastructure的关系代词which在定语从句中起宾语作用，被省略了。need后面的动词不定式的逻辑主语是which，也就是utilitiesandinfrastructure。从意思上看，这些社区需要这些公用事业设备和基础设施起功能作用（function)。选function是对的。其他选项都不合适。4.B浸了水的砂土，特别是新近的沉积土、沙土等失去的不会是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不会是泛泛的property（性质），而是strength（强度）。5.C浸了水的砂土强度降低或消失。砂土随水流动，就会引发建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再发展下去，建筑物就会倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若选择ascend（上升）、compact(压实)或recover（复原），意思与上文接不上。6.A地震持续的时间一般为数十秒。这次日本地震的时间长达5分钟。所以本题要填入的词应该是shorter，说明大多数地震的持续时间比它短。7.C从意思上看，选how是正确的。whenstructures、whatstructures或whichstructures意思明显不通。8.D第三段第二句出现“particularlyrecentsediment…"。recentsediment浸水后就失去了强度。这提示了本题要选recently，因为建立在新近填就的土壤上的建筑物是最易受到伤害的。9.B分析日本大地震得出的数据不会令科学家获得有关soildevelopment（土壤发展）、soilformation（土壤形成）soilcomposition（土壤构成）这些方面的知识。若选phenomenon，意思就是科学家的研究分析有助于他们了解到土壤浸水后的这类现象，以便做好防备，对付未来可能发生的同类现象。上下文意思很连贯，因此phenomenon是正确的选项。1O.D选unless、until或after都不合逻辑。本题句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理废墟，这样地震现场就被破坏了。所以科学家要赶在重建工作开始之前收集好地震资料。before是答案。11.C本句的意思是：科学家无疑会从日本大地震中学到不少东西，从而有助于减低今后发生类似的地震时的风险。四个选项中只有events合适。similarevents指的是“类似的地震事件”。若选findings（调查结果）、locations（地点）或sources（来源），句子的意思就不对。12.B本句解释“young”这个词在地质学中的含义。句中的those指代sediments。"young"sediments指那些年代少于或略超过一万年的sediments。deposit是“沉积”，与句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三个选项，词义离题很远，只是词形与deposit有点相似，起干扰作用而已，它们不是答案。13.A上一段说，youngersoils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危对象呢？如果指soilsfrom/inside/overriverandoldfloodplains是不合常理的。正确的选择应该是near ，靠近河流和原洪泛区的土壤才是危险地区。因此near是答案。14.A加固危桥的目的是为了防止坍塌。选项prevent是答案。15.D在3月11日的日本大地震中，震区的建筑物倾斜、下沉，但没有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？当然不会是constructionstyles（建筑风格）、constructionsites（建筑工地）或constructionfacilities（建筑设备）。日本的constructionstandards（建筑标准）才是防塌的关键因素。因此standards是答案。