a theoretical analysis of how the protein and …

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1、DefraProjectIS0208FINALREPORTAtheoreticalanalysisofhowtheproteinandphosphorusrequirementsoflivestockmaybestbemet.AreportforDefracompiledby:ADASBRCottrillRSylvester-BradleyJWebbSusanTwiningMTempleIGERAnnetteLonglandTheUniversityofReadingLCromptonJMillsPage101of103ContentsSection1:

2、Introduction4Section2:EnvironmentaleffectsofNandPexcretionbyfarmlivestock5LosesofNandPfromagriculturalsoils6§Nitrogen6§Phosphorus7TheneedforbiodiversityinUKgrassland7Section3:LivestocknumbersandtheirrequirementsforNandP9§Livestocknumbers9§Livestockrequirementsfornitrogenandphosph

3、orus11§Thesupplyofnitrogenandphosphorusfromfeeds12Section4:Feedsforlivestock13§Forages13§Concentrateandcompoundfeeds14§SummaryofNandPdemandandsupply16Section5:Forages–OptimisingNutilisation18(i)Plantbreedingandconservation18(ii)Forageselection,managementandsupplementation20§Grass

4、21§Foragemaizeandmaizesilage21§Foragelegumes22§Fertiliserusedtoachievehome-producedinputs23Section6:Concentratefeedselectionandmanagement25§Cereals25§Rapeseedmeal29§PeasandBeans29§Linseedmeal30§Lupins30Section7:Feedselectionandmanagementstrategies32§Pigsandpoultry32§Ruminants33§F

5、eedingaccordingtoproteinrequirements34§Substitutionofgrasssilagewithalternativeforages.34§Supplementationwithsyntheticaminoacids35§Dietsupplementationwithreadilyfermentablecarbohydrate36Section8:ScenariosforimprovingdietaryNutilisationbylivestock37(i):Scenariosforimprovingdietary

6、Nutilisationbypigsandpoultry37(a)Usinganidealproteinapproach37(b)Replacingwheatwithmaize37(c)TheLowNGrainconcept38(d)Discussion39(ii)ScenariosforimprovingdietaryNutilisationbydairycows40(a)ReducingNintake40(b)TheeffectofenergysourceonNUE41(c)Changingtheconcentrateproteinsource41(

7、d)Usingsyntheticaminoacids42(e)Synchronisingenergyandproteinsupplytorumenmicro-organisms42(f)Useofalternativeforages–foragemaize43(g)Useofalternativeforages–sugargrass43(h)AdoptingmanagementstrategiestoincreaseNUE44(iii).ScenariosforimprovingtheNUEofforage-fedsheepandbeefcattle44

8、(a)SheepfinishedonHighSugargrass(HSG)45(