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1、外文资料原文SoftwareDevelopmentConceptsandDesignMethodologiesDuringthe1960s,mainframesandhigherlevelprogramminglanguageswereappliedtomanyproblemsincludinghumanresourcesystems,reservationsystems,andmanufacturingsystems.Computersandsoftwarewereseenasthecureallformanybusinessissu
2、esweresometimesappliedblindly.Systemssometimesfailedtosolvetheproblemforwhichtheyweredesignedformanyreasonsincluding:•Inabilitytosufficientlyunderstandcomplexproblems•Notsufficientlytakingintoaccountend-userneeds,theorganizationalenvironment,andperformancetradeoffs•Inabi
3、litytoaccuratelyestimatedevelopmenttimeandoperationalcosts•LackofframeworkforconsistentandregularcustomercommunicationsAtthistime,theconceptofstructuredprogramming,top-downdesign,stepwiserefinement，andmodularityemerged.Structuredprogrammingisstillthemostdominantapproacht
4、osoftwareengineeringandisstillevolving.Thesefailuresledtotheconceptof"softwareengineering"basedupontheideathatanengineering-likedisciplinecouldbeappliedtosoftwaredesignanddevelopment.Softwaredesignisaprocesswherethesoftwaredesignerappliestechniquesandprinciplestoproducea
5、conceptualmodelthatdescribesanddefinesasolutiontoaproblem.Inthebeginning,thisdesignprocesshasnotbeenwellstructuredandthemodeldoesnotalwaysaccuratelyrepresenttheproblemofsoftwaredevelopment.However,10designmethodologieshavebeenevolvingtoaccommodatechangesintechnologycoupl
6、edwithourincreasedunderstandingofdevelopmentprocesses.Whereasearlydesignmethodsaddressedspecificaspectsofthedevelopmentprocess,currentmethodsattempttoaddresstheentirescopeofsoftwaredevelopment.Softwaredesignmethodsareoftenclassifiedinreferencetotheperiodinwhichtheywerein
7、troducedandtheproblemsatthattime.Drivenbycodingandtestingproblems,toolsandmethodsweredeveloped.Earlymethodsfocusedonmodularityandtop-downdevelopment,andinformationhidingthroughabstraction.Thisledtothedevelopmentofstructuredlanguages,structuredanalysis,anddataflowanalysis
8、.Inthelastdecadeorso,theexpenseinvolvedinautomationhasshiftedfromhardwaretopeople.Therefore,thesoftware
