2023届高三英语总复习 （译林版2020）选择性必修第四册 Unit1 Honesty and responsibility（教师版）.docx

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Unit1Honestyandresponsibility重点词汇1．barelyadv.刚好；仅仅，勉强可能；几乎不；刚才2．worthwhileadj.值得花时间(或花钱、努力等)，重要的，令人愉快的3．outlinevt.概述，略述n.概述；轮廓线，略图4．suspectvt.&vi.疑有，觉得n.嫌疑犯，可疑对象5．arrestn．&vt.逮捕，拘捕6．wirevt.给(某人)打电话；接通电源n.金属丝；电线；铁丝网7．criminaln．罪犯adj.犯法的，犯罪的；刑事的；不道德的8．anyhowadv.不过，总之；尽管；而且；随便地9．principlen．道德原则；法则；信条10．decentadj.正派的，合乎礼节的；得体的，适当的11．geophysicistn．地球物理学家12．coreadj.核心的，最重要的n.核心，最重要的部分13．resignvt.&vi.辞职，辞去14．substantialadj.大量的，价值巨大的；结实的，牢固的15．mineraln．矿物，矿物质16．forgivevt.&vi.原谅，宽恕；免除(债务)17．cheatvt.欺骗，蒙骗vi.作弊，舞弊18．wrapvt.包，裹，用……缠绕n.披肩，围巾；包裹材料19．parceln．包裹，小包；一块地vt.裹好，打包20．bown．蝴蝶结；弓vi.鞠躬；低(头)21．nephewn．侄子，外甥22．wrinklen．皱纹；褶皱，皱痕vt.&vi.(使脸上)起皱纹，皱起23．sewvi.&vt.缝，做针线活；缝上24．pretendvi.&vt.假装；装扮；扮作；自诩，自认为25．likewiseadv.同样地；也，而且26．deadlinen．最后期限，截止日期27．faultn．过错，责任；弱点，缺点28．virtuen．美德；正直的品性；优点29．organicadj.有机的，统一的；绿色的，不使用化肥的；生物的30．garbagen．垃圾；废话31．sowvt.&vi.播种，种32．harvestn．收成，收获量；收获季节，收割vt.&vi.收割，捕猎33．quoten．引语，原话vt.&vi.引用，引述；举例说明词汇拓展1．appointmentn．约定，约会；任命，委托；职务→appointvt.约会；任命学科网（北京）股份有限公司 2．reliableadj.可信赖的，可依靠的；真实可信的，可靠的→relyvi.依靠；依赖3．innocentadj.无辜的，清白的，无罪的；天真无邪的，纯真的n.无辜者，单纯的人→innocencen．天真；清白4．legaladj.合法的；法律的→illegaladj.不合法的；违法的5．socialistadj.社会主义的n.社会主义者→socialadj.社会的；社交的→societyn．社会6．photographern．摄影师，拍照者→photographyn．摄影；摄影术7．guiltyadj.感到内疚的，感到惭愧的；有罪的，有过失的→guiltn．内疚；犯罪；有罪8．ashamedadj.惭愧，羞愧，尴尬→shamen．羞耻；羞愧；惭愧→shamefuladj.可耻的，丢脸的9．disappointedadj.失望的，沮丧的→disappointvt.使失望，使沮丧→disappointingadj.令人失望的→disappointmentn．失望，沮丧10．guidancen．指导；导航→guidevt.带领；引导n．向导11．discouragedadj.灰心的→discouragingadj.令人灰心的，令人泄气的→discouragevt.阻止，使气馁12．savingn．节省物，节省；储蓄金→savevt.节省；保存；储蓄；解救重点词组1．拆毁，拆除teardown2．发财makeone’sfortune3．失去联系losecontact4．臂挽着臂arminarm5．被逮捕underarrest6．turnup出现，到场；卷起；调大7．onthebeat在巡逻中8．pullout离开，撤离；拔出9．stickto坚持10．takechargeof掌管，负责11．任……处置；对……无能为力atthemercyof12．使焦虑不安，加重……的思想负担weighonsb./sth.13．坦白地说franklyspeaking14．促进，有助于contributeto15．令某人感到失望的是toone’sdisappointment16．makeadifference有影响，有关系17．instore贮藏着；准备着；将要发生18．beresponsiblefor对……负责19．setaside留出；不顾20．forthebenefitof为了……的利益学科网（北京）股份有限公司 重点句型1．完全倒装Ontheleftsideoftheroadstandsourlibrary，wheretherearevariousbooks.在路的左侧是我们的图书馆，里面有各种各样的书籍。2．with的复合结构Withthefinalexamapproaching，weareallbusygoingoverthelessons.随着期末考试的临近，我们都在忙着复习功课。3．however引导的让步状语从句Nomatterhow/Howeverharditis，Iwillpursuemydream.不管有多么困难，我都要追求我的梦想。4．hardly...when...Hardlyhadtheygottothekitchenwhentheysetouttocookbreakfastfortheirmother.他们一到厨房就开始为母亲做早餐了。5．itwillbe...before...Itwillbelessthanayearbeforewegraduatefromhighschool.还有不到一年我们就高中毕业了。知识点01Ifyouheardsomeoneshout“Heyyou！”fromacrosstheroom，howwouldyoureact？reactvi.对……作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应(1)reactto对……做出反应reactagainst(对旧观念等的)抗拒；反对；起反作用reactwith同……起反应(2)reactionn．反应；回应inreactionto对……做出反应[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①Asanewphotographer，heoftenthinksofhowhecanreactmoreappropriatelyonsuchoccasions.②Thisoxidewillreactwiththewaterthat’sleft，producinghighlyexplosivehydrogengas.这种氧化物会和剩下的水发生反应，产生容易爆炸的氢气。③Hisfirstfilm，towhichpeople’sreactionwasnotstrong，wasconsideredtobeafailure.[单句语法填空/完成句子]①In(react)tothephenomenon，somegeophysicistscalledforraisingtheairpollutiontax.②Theparentsweredisappointedthattheirchildrentendedtoreacttheirwill.③GasesfromorganicmaterialburieddeepintheEarthcanalsoescapetothesurface，wheretheyreactoxygen.④(应用文写作之建议信)Onlycanwesolveproblemsinabetterway.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 只有当我们冷静地应对生活中的紧急状况时，我们才能以更好的方式解决问题。【答案】1.reaction2.against3.with4.whenwereacttoemergenciesinlifecalmly知识点2Dependingonwhetheryouarecommunicatingwithastranger，friend，familymemberorco-worker，youwillneedtodecidewhichcommunicationchannelbestsuitsthesituation.suitvt.满足需要；相配，合身n.套装，西装，西服(1)suit...to...使……适合……suitone’sneeds适合/满足某人的需要besuitedto/for适合于(2)suitableadj.适当的；相配的besuitablefor适合于besuitabletodosth.适合做某事[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①Therearealsoothertouristprojectsdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.②Whatismore，youcanevengetachancetohaveasuitofHanfuon!③Wemaybeabletodesignacorecoursetosuitthecriminals’needs.④Thoseorganismsthataremostsuitedto/fortheenvironmentwillbethosethatwillsurvive.⑤Noteveryoneismeantforeveryjob—somepeople，nomatterhowtalentedtheymaybe，arenotsuited/suitableforcertainjobs.[单句语法填空/完成句子]①Thereislittledoubtthatgraduatesnowhavesomedifficultyfinding(suit)jobs.②Occupationalschoolshavebeensetuptotrainpeopleinjobsthattheymaybebettersuited.③Theinnocentgirlwasnotsuitable(do)thejobsosheresignedfromthepost.④(应用文写作之求职信)SoIholdthebeliefthattadvertisedinthenewspaper.因此我相信，我适合报纸上登出的这个职位。【答案】1.suitable2.for/to3.todo4.Iamsuitableforthepost知识点3Onlywhenyougiveseriousconsiderationtotheirpointsofviewwillyoubeabletoseewhataccountsfortheiremotionsandempathizewiththem.accountfor是……的说明(或原因)；(数量上、比例上)占onaccountof由于；因为onnoaccount决不(置于句首时，句子用部分倒装)考虑……[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①Notuntilalltheemployeeswerescoldeddidthephotographeraccountforhisabsencefromwork.②AccordingtotheWorldBank，Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotalglobalfertilizerconsumption.③Hefeltguiltyandashamedonaccountofhisformerangeratthekindgentleman.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 [单句语法填空/句式升级/完成句子]①Tomcouldn’tfinishhisworkontime，sohisbosscalledhimtoaccountfailingtomeetthedeadline.②Weshouldonnoaccountgiveuptheplan，howeverdifficultitis.(改为倒装句)→，howeverdifficultitis.③(应用文写作之申请信)I’dappreciateitifatyourconvenience.如果您能在方便的时候考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。【答案】1.for2.Onnoaccountshouldwegiveuptheplan3.youcouldtakemyapplicationintoaccount/consideration知识点4Youmaynotapproveoftheirideasbutatleastyouwillseewheretheyarecomingfrom，whichmeansyoucanmakeadjustmentstoyourowntoneandchoiceofwordsaccordingly.approvevi.&vt.赞成；批准，通过(计划、要求等)(1)approveof赞同，赞成approvesth.批准/通过某事(2)approvaln．赞成；同意；批准；通过；认可(3)disapprovevi.不赞成；反对disapproveof不赞成，反对(4)disapprovaln．不赞成；反对[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①Asurveydonerecentlyshowsthatnotallparentsapproveoftheirchildrentakingpartintheweekendclasses.　②Wehadtowaitmonthsforthecounciltoapproveourplantoteardowntheoldbuilding.③Itiswidelyacknowledgedthatsmilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.[单句语法填空/单句写作]①(读后续写之场景描写)Sensingmy(approve)，shewouldturnherheadsoIwouldn’tseeherhiddendisappointment.②HesaidtheplanannouncedonSunday，if(approve)，wouldavoidsuchaproblem.③大多数人不赞成在公共场所吸烟。.【答案】1.disapproval2.approved3.Mostpeopledisapproveofsmokinginpublicplaces知识点5Forexample，ifyouareabusinesspersonnegotiatingwithalargeenterpriseaboutadeal，youshoulddoitfacetoface，usingformallanguageinastraightforwardmanner.negotiatevt.&vi.谈判；商定，达成(协议)(1)negotiatewithsb.for/aboutsth.与某人协商某事(2)negotiationn．谈判；协商innegotiationwith...和……协商undernegotiation在谈判中学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ①Participatinginextra-curricularactivitiesenablesustolearntoandcooperatewithfellowstudents.参加课外活动可以让我们学习如何与同学进行协商与合作。②Theworkershavebeenwiththeirbossformorebonusinthelasttwomonths.→Theworkershavebeeninnegotiationwiththeirbossformorebonusinthelasttwomonths.在过去的两个月里，工人们一直在和他们的老板谈判增加奖金。③TheissuewhetheritisworthwhiletoholdtheOlympicGamesisstillunder.→TheissuewhetheritisworthwhiletoholdtheOlympicGamesisstill.举办奥运会是否值得的问题仍在商讨之中。【答案】1.negotiate2.negotiating,negotiation3.negotiation,beingnegotiated知识点6Toengagehimorherinthediscussionandmakeyourcommunicationmoreeffective，youmayexpressyoursympathyby，forinstance，saying，“Iunderstandhowyoufeel...”sympathyn．同情；赞同have/express/feel/showsympathyforsb.向某人表示体恤；对某人感到同情insympathywith同情；赞成outofsympathy出于同情①(读后续写之心理描写)Allofasudden，awarmfeelingofroseupinmyheart.突然，一种温暖的同情之情在我心中升起。②IJane，forit’sallherownfault.我不同情简，因为那都是她自己的错。③Theseamenwerereportedtobegoingonstrikethedockers.据报道，海员们正在举行罢工，以声援码头工人。④forthehomelesschildren，thereliablegentlemangavethemabedforthenight.出于对无家可归的孩子们的怜悯，这位可信赖的绅士让他们留宿过夜。【答案】1.sympathy2.havenosympathyfor3.insympathywith4.Outofsympathy知识点7Goodcommunicationskillswillalsohelpyoubuildtrustandgainrespect，allowingrelationshipstobecomemorepositiveandproductive.So，getpractisingandgoodluck！gainvt.&vi.获得；增进，增长；到达；(从……中)受益n.好处，收获gainconfidence/strength/experience增加信心/力量/经验gainentrance/entry/accesstosth.得以进入/接近某物gainsth.by/fromsth.从……中受益，获益①(读后续写之心理描写)IwaslostinhappinessbecauseIdidalittleforastrangerbutIalot.我沉浸在快乐中，因为我为一个陌生人做了一点，但我收获了很多。②(应用文写作之建议信)Youbyeveryexperiencewhenyouunloadtheburden.当你卸下负担时，你会从每一次经历中获得力量和自信。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ③(应用文写作之利弊对比)Moreimportantly，wecanthemostupdatedinformationthroughtheInternet.更重要的是，我们可以通过互联网获得最新的信息。④俗话说，“没有努力就没有收获。”Asthesayinggoes，“.”【答案】1.gained2.gainstrengthandconfidence3.gainaccessto4.Nopains，nogains知识点8Incommunication，amessageissentoutnotonlythroughthespeaker’swordsandtones，butalsothroughhisorherfacialexpressionsandgestures.gesturen．手势，姿势；姿态，表示vt.&vi.做手势，用手势示意(1)makeagesture做手势，用手势示意(2)gestureto/forsb.(todosth.)示意某人(做某事)①Bodylanguageisawayofcommunication.However，peoplefromdifferentculturesmaymisunderstandthetheyuse.肢体语言是沟通的一种方式。然而，来自不同文化背景的人可能会误解他们所使用的手势。②Thecriminalatthedriveroftheothercar，whichannoyedhimgreatly.那个罪犯对另一辆车的司机做了一个粗鲁的手势，这使他很恼火。③Uponarriving，thegeophysicist.地球物理学家一到，就示意他的学生到实验室来。【答案】1.gestures2.madearudegesture3.gesturedto/forhisstudentstocomeintothelab知识点9Thoughborrowingwordshasbecomefaster，theprocessisstillcomplex，andittakestimebeforenewwordsareintegratedintoeverydayspeech.integratevt.&vi.(使)合并；(使)加入(1)integrateAinto/with/andB使A与B结合，使A与B成为一体integrateAintoB使A加入B，使A融入B(2)integrationn．整合，结合；一体化；融合[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①(应用文写作之报道一次活动)ThosebuildingsintegratedChineseandwesternarchitecturalstyles，whichleftadeepimpressiononus.②Itwasastonishingthattheyhadbeguntointegrateteamworkandcooperationintotheirgames.③Ashasbeenreported，theaimoftheseenterprisesistopromoteclosereconomicintegration.[单句语法填空/完成句子]①Hismusicisan(integrate)oftraditionandnewtechnology，whichgainspopularityamongpeople.②It’sdisappointingthattheseprogramscanbarely(integrate)intoyourexistingsoftware.③Thepolicyistoordinaryschools.这项政策旨在使有特殊需要的儿童融入普通学校。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 【答案】1.integration2.beintegrated3.integratechildrenwithspecialneedsinto知识点10Borrowedwordsareanoutcomeoflanguagedevelopmentthatcanhardlybeavoided，butsomelanguagecommunitiesopposeadoptingwordsfromothercultures.opposevt.反对，抵制；与……对垒(1)opposesth./doingsth.反对(做)某事opposesb./sb.’sdoingsth.反对某人做某事(2)opposedadj.反对的；对立的beopposedto反对……；与……对立[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①Thecaptainfirmlyopposed(them/their)cooperatingwiththeopponentswhiletheplayersapproved.→Thecaptainwasfirmlyopposedtocooperatingwiththeopponentswhiletheplayersapproved.②ItwasdisappointingthatHarryagreedwithourplan，whileJimopposed/wasopposedtoit.[单句语法填空/句型转换]①Theseniorstudentsarestronglyopposedto(treat)unfairlybyothers.②Althoughwewere(oppose)tolittering，somevisitorsignoredusandbehavedbadly.③(应用文写作之环境保护)Inordertoprotecttheenvironment，Ifirmlyobjecttousingdisposablechopsticks.→Inordertoprotecttheenvironment，.【答案】1.beingtreated2.opposed3.Ifirmlyoppose/amfirmlyopposedtousingdisposablechopsticks知识点11Forbetterorforworse，thetendencytoborrowwordshasnevergoneoutofstyle.tendencyn．趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好(1)haveatendencytodosth.倾向于做某事(2)tendvi.&vt.趋向；易于；照顾tendtodosth.倾向于做某事tend(to)sb./sth.照料；照管；护理[佳句赏读]　感悟句意·背诵①RecentyearshaveseenatendencyinChinathattourismisgrowingfast.②Hehasatendencytobepessimisticwhenfacedwithdifficulties.→Hetendstobepessimisticwhenfacedwithdifficulties.③It’sprivilegedformetotend(to)yourpetdogwhenyouareonduty.[单句语法填空/句型转换]①Asisoftenthecase，studentstend(judge)bytheirperformanceinexams.②Childrentendtobehaveproperlyinthepresenceofstrangers.→Childreninthepresenceofstrangers.【答案】1.tobejudged2.haveatendencytobehaveproperly知识点12Forexample，thereisChina’sBeltandRoadInitiative，whichmotivatesmanycountriesalongtheSilkRoad学科网（北京）股份有限公司 tocooperatemoreclosely.cooperatevi.合作，协作；协助，配合(1)cooperatewith与……合作(2)cooperationn．合作，协作incooperationwith与……合作①Onlyiftheplayerstrusteachothercantheywellinthematch.只有队员们互相信任，他们才能在比赛中合作得很好。②Nowwefocusmoreonfindingthebestwaytosolvethecoreproblemsby.现在我们更注重通过合作找到解决核心问题的最佳方法。③Ourcompanyhasestablishedagoodreputationotherenterprises.我们公司在与其他企业的合作中建立了良好的信誉。④Wewilltoarrestinternationalcriminals.我们将与国际社会密切合作，逮捕国际罪犯。【答案】1.cooperate2.cooperation3.incooperationwith4.cooperatecloselywiththeinternationalcommunity知识点13LearningChinesehelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.broadenone’smind拓展视野，开阔眼界makeupone’smindtodosth.决心做某事changeone’smind改变主意bear/keepsth.inmind记住某事nevermind不要紧；没关系①(利弊对比的议论文)Whiletravellingcan，Idon’tthinkit’sagoodideatospendsubstantialtimeandmoneyonit.尽管旅游能够增长见识，但是我认为在这方面花费大量的时间和金钱不是一个好主意。②Thereisnopossibilitythatthelinguistwillgiveuptheplanoncehehas.这位语言学家一旦下定决心实施计划，就不可能放弃。③Itneveroccurredtomethatyoucouldsucceedinpersuadinghimto.我从未想过你会成功地说服他改变主意。④Asstudents，weshouldthatitisworthwhiletotakeexercise.作为学生，我们应该牢记锻炼是值得的。⑤whotoldme.That’sofnoimportance.谁告诉我都没关系，那不重要。【答案】1.broadenyourmind2.madeuphismindtocarryitout3.changehismind4.bear/keepinmind5.Nevermind知识点14WhenIwastryingoutyourskateboard，Islipped.slipvi.滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入n.差错；纸条；滑跤[一词多义]　学科网（北京）股份有限公司 ①Unfortunately，thephotographerslippedoverontheiceandbrokeherleg.倒②Thefishslippedoutofthefisherman’shandandswamintothedeepsea.③Itwasbecauseheslippedintodebtthathewaseagertomakehisfortune.④Tooursurprise，mynephewrecitedthewholepoemwithoutmakingasingleslip.⑤IwasashamedofwhatIhaddonesoIwroteanapologydownonaslipofpaper.(1)slipin悄悄溜入；偷偷溜进去slipinto...悄悄溜入……slipoutof...悄悄溜出……(2)slipperyadj.滑的；狡猾的；靠不住的⑥MrsGreenwaswokenupandshefoundacriminaltotryhisluck.格林太太被惊醒，她发现一个罪犯溜进她的房间想碰碰运气。⑦Therainmaderoads，whichoftenresultedincaraccidents.雨使道路湿滑，经常导致车祸。【答案】1.滑倒2.滑落3.陷入4.差错5.纸条6.slippingintoherroom7.slippery知识点15Thiscomesasnosurprise，giventhatEnglishhasborrowedwordsfrommorethan300differentlanguages，includingLatin，Greek，FrenchandChinese.giventhat...(1)句中giventhat...为独立成分作状语，不受逻辑主语的影响，given意为：考虑到，鉴于。(2)常见的独立成分作状语的还有：consideringthat...鉴于……；考虑到……generallyspeaking总的来说judgingby/from...从……来看；依据……来判断supposingthat...假定……providingthat...假定……totellthetruth实话实说tobehonest老实说①hisstateofhealth，hissontookhimoverandwasinchargeofthecompany.考虑到他的身体健康状况，他的儿子接替了他主管公司。②，heisfromHongKong.从口音判断，他是香港人。③，Iamalittletiredandneedmoresleep.说实话，我有点累，需要多睡会觉。【答案】1.Given/Consideringthat2.Judgingfromhisaccent3.Totellyouthetruth随堂练习学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Allgovernmentsarepayinggreatattentiontothisissue，buttostopterrorismisindeedacomplexproject，whichrequiressubstantialeffort，wisdomand(cooperate)．2．Afterbeingreleased，thecriminalfounditdifficultto(integrate)intosociety.3．Neitherthealarmnorherdogmadeasoundwhenthecriminal(slip)in.【答案】1.cooperation2.tointegrate3.slippedⅡ.完成句子1．(应用文写作之报道一次活动)Thisvisitnotonly，butalsoarousedmyinterestinscience.这次访问不仅开阔了我的视野，而且激发了我对科学的兴趣。2．(利弊对比的议论文)Anotherreasonforstudiesisthatitcostsasubstantialsumofmoney.我反对出国留学的另一个原因是它需要花费很多钱。3．Justasimportantly，wewithhealthcare.同样重要的是，我们倾向于将新鲜空气与医疗保健联系起来。4．，hewassohappythathecouldhardlyspeak.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ，读后续写)鉴于他从未挣过这么多钱，他高兴得几乎说不出话来。【答案】1.broadenedmymind2.whyIopposegoingabroad3.tendtoassociatefreshair4.Giventhathehadneverearnedsomuchmoney二Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Thankstocomputercameras，thepolicemanisabletoseeandreactthecriminal’sphysicalactions.2．Ihopemysuggestionswillmeetwithyour(approve)．3．Itisreportedthatthepilotsarein(negotiate)withtheairlinemanagersforbonus.4．Thesuspectgesturedtohispartner(escape)quicklysoasnottobearrestedbythepolice.【答案】1.to2.approval3.negotiation4.toescapeⅡ.完成句子1．Onlybyreadingwidelycanwe.只有通过广泛的阅读我们才能获得更多的知识，并且开阔我们的视野。2．Hegavethepoorchildmuchhelp.出于同情，他给予这个贫穷的孩子很多帮助。3．Nowadaysthewaterontheearthwhichisbecominglessandless.如今，地球上适合饮用的水越来越少。4．taketheriskofbeingexpelledbytheschooltocheatintheexam.我们绝不应该冒着被学校开除的危险在考试中作弊。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 【答案】1.gainmoreknowledgeandbroadenourhorizons2.outofsympathy3.issuitabletodrink4.Onnoaccountshouldwe语法精讲Activity1　读文探究阅读教材短文P20，请找出文中含有的定语从句。Restrictiverelativeclauses1....twocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.2.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike...wouldbemetwiththereply...Non-restrictiverelativeclauses1.IspentonetermintheUK，wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.2....acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”，whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”．3.Now，whenspeakingtoAmericans，whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle，IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothepoint.4.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow，learningalanguageisjustthebeginning！Activity2　感悟规律1．限制性定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或名词短语，并提供有关它的必要信息。在从句中，关系代词或关系副词前没有逗号。2．非限制性定语从句提供关于句子或主句中名词或名词短语的附加信息。从句用逗号和主句分开。我们不能用that来引导非限制性定语从句。Activity3　语法精析一、定义在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：连接主句和从句，替代先行词，在从句中充当句子成分。二、定语从句的分类学科网（北京）股份有限公司 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，其区别如下：限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式不同不用逗号与主句隔开用逗号与主句隔开功能不同是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明，如果删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思翻译不同一般把定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，“……的”通常把定语从句翻译主句的并列句关系词的使用不同①关系词作宾语时可省略②可用that和why③可用who代替whom①关系词一律不可省略②不用that和why③不可用who代替whom先行词不同只能是名词或代词可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子Peoplewhotakephysicalexerciselivelonger.进行体育锻炼的人寿命长些。Hisdaughter，whoisinBostonnow，iscominghomenextweek.他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。三、关系代词的用法(一)关系代词的基本用法关系代词先行词句法功能who人作主语、宾语whom人作宾语whose(＝ofwhom/ofwhich)人或物作定语that人或物作主语、宾语、表语which物作主语、宾语as人或物作主语、宾语However，becauseofpoverty，Nolanhastoleavehighschoolandfindajob，whoselifeisfullofupsanddowns.然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满了起起落落。We’llreachthesalestargetinamonthwhich/thatwesetatthebeginningoftheyear.我们将在一个月内完成年初定下的销售目标。Thiswomanhassetagoodexampletoherson，whoisareallyluckyguy.这位女士给她的儿子树立了一个好榜样，他是一个非常幸运的家伙。(二)关系代词that与which的用法1．限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：学科网（北京）股份有限公司 (1)先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。Doyouhaveanythingthatyouwanttosayforyourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？(2)先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，theonly，thevery，thelast等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。Thisisoneofthemostexcitingbasketballgamesthatmynephewhaseverseen.这是我侄子看过的最激动人心的篮球比赛之一。(3)先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。Thegeophysicistandhisachievementsthatyoutoldmeaboutareadmiredbyusall.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位地球物理学家和他所取得的成就。(4)定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。Whichisthekindergartenthatyouusedtobestudyingin?你以前就读的那家幼儿园是哪一家？(5)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory，whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。(6)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。Nanjingisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.南京不再是过去的那座城市了。2．只用which不用that的情况：(1)引导非限制性定语从句。Thehungrybearfollowedhisnosetoourcamp，whichwassurroundedbyahighwirefence.饥饿的熊顺着鼻子来到我们的营地，营地四周都是高高的铁丝篱笆。(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。ItwashardforhimtolearnEnglishinafamilyinwhichneitheroftheparentsspokethelanguage.对他来说在一个父母都不会英语的家庭中，学英语很难。(3)引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。Fatherhelpedthemadjustthefire，whichwasthekeytosuccess.父亲帮助他们调整火，这是成功的关键。(三)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。搭配上无动词的限制①谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等。②当先行词被thesame，such所修饰时。意思上意为“这一点”意为“正如……，正像……的那样”。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Theaward-winningbookwaswrittenbyateenager，whichwas，indeed，beyondallexpectations.这本获奖的书是一个十几岁的孩子写的，这确实出乎所有人的意料。Asisknowntousall，failureusuallyresultsfromlazinesswhilediligencecanresultinsuccess.众所周知，失败通常源于懒惰，而勤奋可以导致成功。Ihavethesamedifficultyasyouhadlastyear.我也有和你去年一样的困难。[温馨提示]as引导的定语从句，常见的结构有：asisoftenthecase情况常是如此asoftenhappens这种情况常发生ashasbeensaidbefore正如以前所说的asisknowntoall＝asweallknow众所周知asthesayinggoes俗话说asisreported/said正如所报道/说的那样(四)whose的用法whose是表示所属关系的代词，在定语从句中作定语修饰人或物，相当于my，his，her，its，their等。ofwhich可以代替whose修饰物，词序一般是“the＋名词＋ofwhich”或“ofwhich＋the＋名词”。ofwhom可以代替whose修饰人，词序是“the＋名词＋ofwhom或ofwhom＋the＋名词”。Thenewly-builtcafe，whosewalls/thewallsofwhich/ofwhichthewallsarepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，especiallyafterhardwork.这家新建的墙体被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们而言确实是个安静的场所，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。Iwilltalktothosestudentswhosehomework/thehomeworkofwhom/ofwhomthehomeworkhasn’tbeendoneonschedule.我要和那些没完成作业的学生谈话。四、关系副词的用法关系副词先行词句法功能when表时间时间状语where表地点地点状语why表原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)Weliveinanagewhenmoreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。AncientChinawasaplacewherestateswereoftenatwarwitheachother.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。Thereasonwhymyfavouritesportisplayingbasketballisthatithasbeengivingmestrengthtofacethechallengesinmylife.我最喜爱的体育运动是打篮球，原因是它一直给我力量来面对生活中的挑战。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 [温馨提示]where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place，home，school，village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job，life，situation，point，case，stage，activity等)。Salesdirectorisapositionwherecommunicationabilityisjustasimportantassalesskills.在销售总监这个职位上，沟通能力和销售技巧一样重要。TolearnEnglisheffectively，youshouldnotonlyhaveagoodcommandofthegrammar，butunderstandtheculturewhereitisspoken.要想有效地学习英语，你不仅要掌握好语法，还要了解说英语的国家的文化。五、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句1．介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意思；②从句中动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedwithatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.＝ThemanwithwhomItalkedatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.在会议中与我谈话的那个人来自北京大学。TradingleathershoesisthebusinesstowhichtheGreensaredevoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。We’llclimbMangshanMountaininthemorning，onwhosetopwe’llhaveapicnicatnoon.我们上午去爬莽山，中午在山顶上野餐。注意：但是在下面这类句子中for不可以提前，因为lookfor是固定的动词词组。Thisisthediamond(that/which)thepolicemenarelookingfor.这就是警察正在找的那颗钻石。2．“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用“ofwhich/whom”。Hehasalotoffriends，someofwhomwillofferhelptohimwhenheisintrouble.他有许多朋友，当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。六、先行词为way的情况当先行词是way(意为“方式，方法”)时，定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式：Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway(that/inwhich)hesaidit.让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较：Theway(that/which)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。Theway(that/inwhich)heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.他向我们解释这个句子的方式并不难理解。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 七、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外，它们还有一个重要的作用——在定语从句中作成分。具体地说，关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析定语从句中所缺的成分，若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语，则用关系代词；若从句中缺状语，则用关系副词。试比较下面的句子：Doyoustillrememberthedays(that/which)wespentinQingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？DoyoustillrememberthedayswhenwespentthesummerholidaysinQingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？随堂练习一.语法填空(用关系词填空)Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedspeakingEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30-daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3.Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，communicatedwithmefacetoface，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions.Healsointroducedagoodpartnertome，andwegotalongwellwitheachother.GraduallyIadaptedtothelifethere.EverydayIwouldtalktootherteenagersandsetdownaseriesofactivities6.wedid.Ishouldbegratefultomyfatherandtheguide,7.encouragedmetofallinlovewithEnglish.NowIfeelitinterestingtolearnEnglish，into8.Iputmyentireenergy.EverydayIreadmywordsandpassagesaloud.InclassIjoininEnglishdiscussions.BeforeIgotosleep，Irecallthepassages，through9.Icanmemorizealargenumberofnewwords.10.ourEnglishteachersays，“AslongasyouformthehabitoflearningEnglisheverydayandhaveperseverance，youwillmasterEnglishsoonerorlater.”【答案】1.when2.why3.where4.whose5.whom/which6.(that/which)7.who8.which9.which10.As二.用适当的连词填空1．Canyoustillrememberthetimewespenttogetherinourchildhood?2．Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.3．Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.4．Hewaslatefortheopeningceremony，wasverysurprisingtome.5．Allthepresentsyourfriendsgaveyouonyourbirthdayshouldbeputaway.6．Sheissuchagirlisalwaysfindingfaultwithotherpeople.7．Manyyoungpeople，mostofwerewell-educated，headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.8．Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears，noneofhasbeenproved.9．Thenumberofsmokers，isreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.【答案】1.(that/which)2.when3.who4.which5.(that)6.as7.whom8.which9.as三.单句写作学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1．当我感到沮丧的时候，我经常选择阅读小说，它包含了很多富有想象力的故事。.2．我们计划这个周末去海淀公园散步，在那里我们可以欣赏早春的美丽景色。.3．错过了我渴望已久的旅行，真是太遗憾了。.4．你知道中国有很多传统艺术形式，其中剪纸是最受欢迎的。.5．我们都知道，亲近大自然对我们的健康有益。.【答案】1.Whenfeelingdepressed，Ioftenchoosetoreadanovelwhichincludesalotofimaginativestories2.WehaveplannedtogoforawalkinHaidianParkthisweekend，wherewecouldenjoythebeautifulsceneryofearlyspring.3.ItisapityformetomissthistripthatIhavebeenlongingfor4.YouknowtherearemanytraditionalartformsinChina，ofwhichpaper-cuttingisoneofthemostpopular5.Asweallknow，gettingclosetonatureisbeneficialtoourhealth写作园地本单元的写作任务是写一篇关于学习汉语的流行程度的说明文。在此类文章的写作过程中，当介绍一个现象时，我们经常使用正式和客观的语气。被动语态是让你的介绍听起来客观而又有说服力的有效方法。[常用表达]1．Inrecentyears，learningChinesehasbecomepopularamongpeoplearoundtheworld，withtherapiddevelopmentofChina’seconomy.近年来，随着中国经济的快速发展，学习汉语在世界各地的人们中变得流行起来。2．TherearethreemainreasonscontributingtothepopularityofChineselearning.汉语学习的普及有三个主要原因。3．TherearemanyreasonswhymoreandmorepeoplearecrazyaboutlearningChinese.越来越多的人热衷于学习汉语有很多原因。4．ItisestimatedthatovertwohundredConfuciusInstituteshavebeensetupinsixty-ninecountries.据估计，全球已有69个国家建立了200多所孔子学院。5．TheBeltandRoadinitiativestrengthenstiesbetweencountriesalongtheSilkRoad，creatingthousandsoflocaljobs，whichmotivatesmoreforeignerstostudyChinese.“一带一路”倡议加强了丝绸之路沿线国家之间的联系，创造了成千上万的当地就业机会，这激励了更多的外国人学习汉语。6．Chinahasexperiencedadramaticriseinitsinternationalinfluence，whichenlargestheneedofmanycountriesforprofessionalshavingagoodcommandofChinese.中国的国际影响力急剧上升，许多国家对精通汉语的专业人才的需求也随之增加。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 7．Itisanaturalphenomenonforpeopletolearnanotherlanguagewiththeaimofdeepeninginternationalunderstanding.人们为了加深国际理解而学习另一种语言是很自然的现象。假如你是李华，你校英文报正在以“ThepopularityoflearningChinese”为题进行征稿，请你写一篇短文向英文报投稿，内容包括：1．介绍越来越多的外国人选择学习汉语这一现象；2．针对这个现象发表你的看法(可分析汉语受欢迎的原因等)；3．阐述你对学习汉语在未来是否会继续流行的看法，并分析原因。注意：适当增加细节以使行文连贯。第一步　审题谋篇[审题]写作要求是写关于学习汉语的流行程度的说明文，写作时应注意下面几点：1．确定文体：这是一篇说明文，写作时注意这类文章的写作特点。2．主体时态：文章应以一般现在时为主。3．主体人称：人称以第一、三人称为主。[谋篇]第一段：介绍此现象。你可以举一两个西方人学习汉语的典型例子；第二段：就这个现象发表你的看法；第三段：阐述你对学习汉语在未来是否会继续流行的看法，并分析原因。第二步　遣词造句[核心词汇]1．普及，流行popularity2．估计estimate3．是……的说明(或原因)accountfor4．热忱，热情enthusiasm5．经济economy6．提供到达……的途径provideaccessto...7．对……感兴趣showinterestin8．保持蓬勃发展keepbooming9．观点；远景perspective10．开阔眼界broadenone’smind[连词成句]1．学习汉语在外国人中越来越受欢迎。LearningChineseisgainingmoreandmorepopularityamongforeigners.2．据估计，现在有1亿外国人在学习汉语。Anestimated100millionforeignersarenowlearningChinese.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 3．有几个因素可以解释人们对它热情的原因。Severalfactorsaccountfortheenthusiasmforit.4．随着中国经济的快速发展，学习汉语可以帮助人们获得更多的工作机会。WithChineseeconomydevelopingrapidly，learningChinesemayhelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities.5．它是了解中国独特的文化和悠久的历史的必经之路。ItprovidesaccesstoChineseuniquecultureandlonghistory.6．由于中国丰富的自然景观和人文景观，越来越多的外国游客开始到中国旅游。DuetotheplentyofnaturallandscapesandsceneryofhumanitiesinChina，moreandmoreforeigntouristsstarttotravelinChina.7．他们对学习汉语表现出浓厚的兴趣。TheyshowgreatinterestinlearningChinese.8．随着中国的不断发展，汉语学习的流行将会保持蓬勃发展。WiththecontinuousdevelopmentofChina，thepopularityofChineselearningwillkeepbooming.9．它帮助人们从一个新的角度看生活，并开阔他们的眼界。Ithelpspeopleseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.第三步　句式升级1．用Itisestimatedthat...改写句2。Itisestimatedthat100millionforeignersarenowlearningChinese.2．用notonly...butalso...的部分倒装句式连接句4和句5。WithChineseeconomydevelopingrapidly，notonlymaylearningChinesehelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities，butitalsoprovidesaccesstoChineseuniquecultureandlonghistory.3．用定语从句连接句6和句7。DuetotheplentyofnaturallandscapesandsceneryofhumanitiesinChina，moreforeigntouristsstarttotravelinChina，whoshowgreatinterestinlearningChinese.4．用which引导的非限制性定语从句连接句8和句9。WiththecontinuousdevelopmentofChina，thepopularityofChineselearningwillkeepbooming，whichhelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.第四步　组句成篇用适当的过渡词语，把以上词汇和句式，再加上联想内容，组成一篇英语短文。参考范文Inrecentyears，learningChineseisgainingmoreandmorepopularityamongforeigners.Itisestimatedthat100millionforeignersarenowlearningChinese.Frommypointofview，severalfactorsaccountfortheenthusiasmforit.Aboveall，withChineseeconomydevelopingrapidly，notonlymaylearningChinesehelppeoplegetmorejobopportunities，butitalsoprovidesaccesstoChineseuniquecultureandlonghistory.Furthermore，duetotheplentyofnaturallandscapesandsceneryofhumanitiesinChina，moreandmoreforeigntouristsstarttotravelinChina，whoshowgreatinterestinlearningChinese.Inmyopinion，withthecontinuousdevelopmentofChina，thepopularityofChineselearningwillkeep学科网（北京）股份有限公司 booming，whichhelpsthemseelifefromanewperspectiveandbroadentheirmindstotheoutsideworld.分层提分题组A基础过关练一Ⅰ.单词拼写1．Nowadaysmanygraduatesarelookingforwardto(获得)employmentinbigenterprises.2．Theinnocentboy，onthecontrary，ismore，preferringtotellthetruthindirectways.3．Themothergentlythebabyinablanketanddisappearedintothenight.4．Givingexamplesisasuperbwaytothestatementofyourarticlesbecausereaderscanbetterunderstandyouropinionsthroughthesevividexamples.5．Somepeoplearenevercontentwiththeirlifeandtheyarealwaysthinkingof(获得)morewealth.6．Itcanprovidethephotographerswithinstant(反馈)，includingreportsabouttheirstrengthsandweaknesses.7．Wehavesuccessfully(达成协议)adealwiththestate-ownedenterprise.8．Thesocialist(对……作出反应)stronglyagainstdoinganythingthatwasagainsthismoralprinciples.【答案】1.obtaining2.straightforward3.folded4.clarify5.gaining6.feedback7.negotiated8.reactedⅡ.单句语法填空1．Thisarticleholdstheviewthatfineandsuitableenterprisecultureisthebaseofcultivatingcore(competent)．2．(knowledge)guideswillentertainyouwiththemostinterestingstoriesaboutmemorialsandparks.3．Theproblemisduetodiscipline，or，more(precise)，thelackofdiscipline，inschools.4．Althoughheisasocialist，MrWellsisbarelyinsympathytheworkingclass.5．Theworkwouldhavetobedelayedifhewereabsent，fornobodyinourenterprisecanbemore(suit)forit.6．Iwouldappreciateitifmyapplicationcouldgetyour(approve)．7．Thecaptaingesturedhisteammembersthatitwastimetoarrestthesuspect.【答案】1.competence2.precisely3.precisely4.with5.suitable6.approval7.toⅢ.单句写作1．很抱歉我不能亲自去机场接你，因为我肚子痛。(onaccountof).2．学校应创造一个适合学生学习的环境。(besuitablefor).3．除非你全身心地投入工作，否则你永远不会获得成功。(gain)学科网（北京）股份有限公司 .4．众所周知，不同的动物会以自己的方式应对危险。(react).5．我们中的一些人喜欢乘公共汽车，而另一些人则喜欢步行。(while).【答案】1.I’msorrythatIcannotgototheairporttopickyouupinpersononaccountofstomachache2.Theschoolshouldcreateanenvironmentthatissuitableforthestudentstostudy3.Youwillnevergainsuccessunlessyouarefullydevotedtoyourwork4.Asweallknow，differentanimalsreacttodangersintheirownway5.Someofusprefertotakeabuswhileothersarefondofwalking二Ⅰ.单词拼写1．Youshouldrecitemorepassagestohaveyourenriched，whichisofvitalimportancetoEnglishlearning.2．Hewasdisappointedwhentheresultdidn’t(相一致)withwhathedesired.3．Theyverybadlytowardsthegeophysicist，whicharousedpublicanger.4．Itisworthwhile(合作)withothercountriestobuildapeacefulworld.5．I’mstronglytotearingdowntheseancientbuildings，whicharepartoftheculture.6．Thetwocriminals(溜)outofthediamondshop，disappearinginthedarkness.7．MyteacherapprovedofmetakingpartinthespeechtobeheldbymyschoolnextFriday.8．Judgingfromthelinguist’s(口音)，hemustbefromsoutheastofShandongProvince.【答案】1.vocabulary2.correspond3.behaved4.cooperating5.opposed6.slipped7.contest8.accentⅡ.选词填空1．IhadintendedtotheEnglishspeechcontest，butIgaveupintheend.2．Theoryshouldpractice，whichisthebasicprincipleIstickto.3．Thereisnodoubtthattakingpartinthegolfcontesthasandincreasedmyconfidence.4．I’msureheiscompetenttofinishthetaskbecausehechallengingwork.5．Inmyopinion，wecaninformationeachothertobroadenourminds.【答案】1.signupfor2.bebasedon3.broadenedmymind4.hasapreferencefor5.share,withⅢ.单句写作1．这就是为什么我反对参加这个活动。(beopposedto).2．我最大的挑战是学习如何在餐桌上举止得体。(behaveoneself).3．这是我第一次因为太尴尬而无法发表演讲。(beembarrassedtodo...)学科网（北京）股份有限公司 4．女性往往花更多的时间照顾孩子和做家务。(tendtodo...).5．我参加过几次类似的活动，使我获得了相关经验。(现在分词短语作结果状语).【答案】1.That’swhyIamopposedtoparticipatingintheactivity2.Mybiggestchallengeislearninghowtobehavemyselfatthedinnertable.3.ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavebeentooembarrassedtodeliveraspeech.4.Womentendtospendmoretimetakingcareoftheirchildrenanddoinghousework5.Ihaveparticipatedinseveralsimilaractivities，enablingmetoobtainrelevantexperience题组B能力提升练语法填空(文中加黑词汇为本单元的重点词汇)Sincegraduation，thesocialist’snephew,1.orphan，hadbeenkeenonmakinghisfortunebecauseofhisfamilyfinancialburden.Atfirst，asadecentandreliableboy，heworkedatamineralwaterfactory.However，thebonustherewas2.(discourage)andhisincomebarelysupportedhisfamily.Therefore，heresignedfromthefactory，afterwhichthesocialist3.(lose)contactwithhim.Severalyearslater，thepolicewiredthesocialist，sayingthathisnephewwassuspectedofbeinginvolvedinadiamondandjadetheftandhe4.(hunt)．Assoonasheheardthedisappointingnews，thesocialistwasashamedof5.hisnephewhaddone，promisingthathewouldsendhimtoprisonwithoutmercyonceheknewthewhereaboutsofthesuspect.Itwasjusttwomonthslaterthatthesuspectmadeanappointmentwithhisunclesecretly.On6.(see)hisnephew，thesocialisttriedtopersuadehimintoacknowledginghiscriminalconduct.Watchingthe7.(wrinkle)onhisuncle’sface，theyoungmanfeltguiltyabouthisillegalactsandadmittedhisfault.Hisuncleforgavehiscriminalbehaviorandembracedhim8.(tight)．Intheend，theywenttothepolicestationarminarm.Withthecriminalunderarrest，wecouldn’thelp9.(show)ourrespectforthesocialistnotonlyforhisintegritybutalsofor10.(he)stickingtohisprincipleswhateverhappens.【答案】1.an2.discouraging3.lost4.wasbeinghunted5.what6.seeing7.wrinkles8.tightly9.showing10.his/him课文语法填空Asweallknow，communicationistheexchangeofinformation1.asenderandareceiver，whoseentirecircleinvolvestheencoding，decodingandfeedbackofinformation.Mostofwhatwecommunicate2.(rely)notonlyonthewordsweuse，butalsoonhowweusethem.3．(be)acompetentcommunicator，firstlyit’snecessarythatyoushouldobtainasmuchtheirpersonalinformationasyoucan,4.ishelpfulforyoutodecidethebestcommunicationchannelaccordingtodifferentsituations.Furthermore,5.(judge)fromthecommunicationobjects，youneedtodeterminethelanguagestylesandcommunicationmanners.Apartfromthedetailsmentionedabove，youshouldalsokeepinmindthatbodylanguageplays6.importantpartincommunicationsinceitaccountsforover50%incommunication.Youshouldpayattentiontoyourownbodylanguage，andatthesametime，yououghttokeepacloseeyeontheotherperson’sbodylanguage，whichwillhelpthecommunicationtogo7.(smooth)．Lastbutnotleast，thevalueofempathyshouldnot8.(understate)．Toensureasmoothcommunication，youshouldput9.(you)intheirshoesand学科网（北京）股份有限公司 lookatthesituationfromtheirperspective.Inconclusion，goodcommunication10.(skill)willhelpyoubuildtrustandgainotherpeople’srespect，allowingrelationshipstobecomemorepositiveandproductive.【答案】1.between2.relies3.Tobe4.which5.judging6.an7.smoothly8.beunderstated9.yourself10.skills题组C培优拔尖练阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。ABecomeaVolunteerandMakeaDifferenceTheFirstTee，asanoutstandingyouthdevelopmentorganization，isalwayssearchingforgoodpeoplethatwanttovolunteeratoneofourmanyPittsburgharealocations.We’reLookingforYou!Developedwithinputfromleadingexpertsinthefieldofpositiveyouthdevelopment，ourprogramfocusesonmakingparticipantsstrongerandmoreconfidentthroughdecision-makingandexploringoptions，inspiringthegolfersoftomorrowtolooktothefuture，setgoals，andunlocktheirpotential.WealsoneedmorevolunteerstomakeTheFirstTeepossible.Opportunitiesinclude：AssistantCoach：assistinourweeklygolfclinics.Allthatwerequestisthatyoumakea7-weekcommitment(onedayperweek)，for2hourseachweek.Eachclinicisledbyoneofourtrainedstaffmemberswhocreatesawrittenlessonplanforourvolunteerstofollow.DatabaseManager：inputthedataofparticipants，volunteers，andcommunityrelationrecordsandupdatechapterinformationforHomeOfficeandcommunityrelations.Thedatabasemanagerisexpectedtoupdatethedataaminimumofeveryotherweek.EquipmentManager：organizeandsortdonatedequipment，getridofunfitequipment，andarrangeequipmentfordistributiontoparticipantsatleastonceaweek.Greeter：registerparticipants，handinformationtoparents，greetvisitors，answerphonecallsandprovidegeneralprograminformation.ProcessofBecomingaVolunteerBeginbyfillingouttheGoogleFormsapplicationbelow.OnceAlisonBoyle(ourDirectorofVolunteerandParticipantServices)receivesyourcompletedapplication，shewillcontactyouforanin-personinterview.CLICKHEREtofilloutaVolunteerApplicationviaGoogleForms.Formoreinformation，pleasecontactourDirectorofVolunteerandParticipantServices，AlisonBoyle，ataboyle@thefirstteepittsburgh.org.语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。文章讲述了一个杰出的青年发展组织——TheFirstTee及这个组织的基本信息，和目前在招募的Pittsburgh地区志愿者的一些岗位说明、如何申请等。1．WhatdoesTheFirstTeeCoachProgramcenteron?A．Helpingparticipantsgetstrongerandmoreconfident.B．Trainingprofessionalcoaches.学科网（北京）股份有限公司 C．Attractingmorevisitors.D．Lookingforgolfstars.A【解析】细节理解题。根据We’reLookingforYou！中的“ourprogramfocusesonmakingparticipantsstrongerandmoreconfident”可知，选A。2．Ifyouaregoodatusingcomputers，whichonemayyouchoosetobe?A．Greeter.B．Assistantcoach.C．Databasemanager.D．Equipmentmanager.C【解析】推理判断题。根据DatabaseManager中的“Thedatabasemanagerisexpectedtoupdatethedataaminimumofeveryotherweek.”可知，数据库管理员至少每隔一周更新一次数据。由此可判断如果你擅长使用计算机，你可以选择成为数据库管理员。故选C。3．WhatmustonedotobecomeavolunteeratTheFirstTee?A．Beagoodgolfer.B．Haveaninterview.C．ConsultAlisonBoyle.D．Promisetowork7weeks.B【解析】细节理解题。根据ProcessofBecomingaVolunteer中的“OnceAlisonBoyle(ourDirectorofVolunteerandParticipantServices)receivesyourcompletedapplication，shewillcontactyouforanin-personinterview.”可知，为了在TheFirstTee成为一名志愿者，申请者必须接受面试。故选B。BItcanbearealstruggletotrytolearnanewlanguage.Ihadalwaysenjoyedlearninglanguagesinschool，butonlyrecentlydidIstartlearningGerman.IfoundthatIcouldunderstandandlearnindividualwordseasily，butwhenitcametoliterature，Ireallystruggled.Thatwaswhenmytutoratuniversitysuggestedreadingsomechildren’sbooksprintedinthetargetlanguage(目标语言)．Atfirst，Ifeltitabitsillytogoonahuntforabookdesignedforsomeonehalfmyage，butthenIrealizedthateveryonehastostartsomewhere.Aschildren，weweregiventhesebasictextstofamiliarizeourbrainswithcertainvocabularyandwritingstructures，andfromthere，wecouldlearnanddevelop.IstartedwithbookswhicharetaughttochildrenintheUK.ImanagedtofindOliverTwistbyCharlesDickensandJamesandtheGiantPeachbyRoaldDahl.Thebeautyofreadingbooksthatwereintroducedtoyouasachildisthatyouarealreadyfamiliarwiththeplot.Asaresult，youcanworkoutsomeofthedefinitionsofwordswithyourpriorknowledgeofthestory.Atfirst，Iusedtoreadwiththebookinonehandandadictionaryintheother，butthismethoddidnotworkwellforme.ThemethodIwouldrecommendistoreadachapterofyourchosenchildren’sbookandattheendofthatchapter，highlightthewordsyoudonotknowandthenlookupthedefinitions.Ifyoucanwaitabitbeforeyouuseadictionary，youmaybesurprisedwhatyoucangetmerelyfromthecontextofthesentenceinthestory.Additionally，alotofchildren’sbookshavepictureswhichmaygiveyouaclueastowhatorwhomthepassageisreferringto.语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。作者在学习德语时看不懂文学作品，于是作者开始看德语儿童书籍并从中得到了惊喜。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 4．Whywastheauthoradvisedtoreadchildren’sbooks?A．Shelikedchildren’sliterature.B．Shewasslowtolearnlanguages.C．Shecouldn’trememberanywords.D．ShewasweakinreadinggreatworksinGerman.D【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的第三句可知，作者只能理解单个的词，很难理解文学作品，所以她的导师建议她看一些用目标语言写的儿童书籍。故选D。5．Whatcankidsgetfromchildren’sbooksaccordingtothepassage?A．Designskills.B．Learningmethods.C．Wordsandwritingstructures.D．Vocabularyandlisteningskills.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的第二句可知，儿童在看书时可以熟知其中的词汇和写作结构。故选C。6．Whatcausedtheauthortofeelsurprisedwhileshewasreadingchildren’sbooks?A．Gettingfamiliarwiththeplotofthestory.B．Graspingthecontextfromthepictures.C．Understandingthewordssimplyfromthecontext.D．Lookingupthedefinitionsofwordsfromadictionary.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中的倒数第二句可知，如果你(在阅读时)稍等一会儿再查字典，你可能会惊讶地发现仅仅从故事中句子的上下文就能得到什么，即只从上下文就可以理解单词的意思。故选C。7．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．ReadingChildren’sBooksB．MyGoodReadingHabitsC．TheWaysofLearningLanguagesD．TheMethodofUsingaDictionaryA【解析】标题归纳题。通读全文可知，作者主要讲述了她在学习德语时读儿童书籍的经历以及好处。故选A。CChildren’saveragedailytimespentwatchingtelevisionorusingmobiledeviceincreasedfrom53minutesat12monthsoldtomorethan150minutesat3yearsold，accordingtoananalysisbyresearchersattheNationalInstitutesofHealth.Childrenaged7weremorelikelytospendthehighestamountofscreentimeiftheyhadbeeninbadhome-basedchildcareorwereborntofirst-timemothers.“Ourresultsindicatethatscreenhabitsbeginearly，”saidEdwinaYeung，aninvestigatorinNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopment(NICHD)，“Thisfindingsuggeststhatinterventionstoreducescreentimecouldhaveabetterchanceofsuccessifintroducedearly.”Intheresearch，mothersof4,000childrenrespondedtoquestionsontheirkids’mediahabitswhentheywere学科网（北京）股份有限公司 12,18,24,30，and36monthsofage.TheAmericanAcademyofPediatricsrecommendsavoidingdigitalmediaexposureforchildrenunder18monthsofage，introducingchildren18to24monthsofagetoscreenmediaslowly，andlimitingscreentimetoanhouradayforchildrenfrom2to5yearsofage.Inthecurrentstudy，researchersfoundthat87%ofthechildrenhadscreentimeexceedingtheserecommendations.However，whilescreentimeincreasedthroughoutinfancy，after8yearsofage，screentimefelltounder1.5hoursperday.Theresearchersbelievethisdecreaserelatestotimeconsumedbyschool-relatedactivities.Thestudyauthorsclassifiedthechildrenintotwogroupsbasedonhowmuchtheiraveragedailyscreentimeincreasedfromage1toage3.Thefirstgroup,73%ofthetotal，hadthelowerincrease，fromanaverageofnearly51minutesadaytonearlyanhourand47minutesaday.Thesecondgroup,27%ofthetotal，hadthehigherincrease，fromnearly37minutesofscreentimeadaytoabout4hoursaday.Higherlevelsofparentaleducationwereassociatedwiththeloweroddsofinclusioninthesecondgroup.语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现儿童每天看电视或使用移动设备的时间从12个月时的53分钟增加到3岁时的150分钟以上，这一问题与家庭教育有关。文章介绍了研究开展的具体过程以及研究结果的意义。8．Whichofthefollowingisareasonforchildren’saddictiontothemedia?A．Loweconomiclevel.B．Poorfamilyeducation.C．Themedia’sattraction.D．Theshortageofparents’love.B【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Childrenaged7weremorelikelytospendthehighestamountofscreentimeiftheyhadbeeninbadhome-basedchildcareorwereborntofirst-timemothers.”可知，不良的家庭教育是孩子们对电子媒体上瘾的原因。故选B。9．What’sEdwina’sadvice?A．Tostopchildrenusingthemedia.B．Tohelpparentscareforchildrenwell.C．Toreducechildren’sscreentimeearlier.D．Toincreaseinterventiontochildren.C【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段的内容可知，Edwina的建议是提前缩短孩子看屏幕的时间。故选C。10．Howdidtheauthordevelopthemainbodyofthetext?A．Bygivingsomeexamples.B．Byshowingsomedata.C．Byanalyzingsomereasons.D．Byconcludingsomeresults.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段“Intheresearch，...age.”；第四段中“TheAmericanAcademyof学科网（北京）股份有限公司 Pediatrics...recommendations.”以及最后一段中“Thefirstgroup，...day.”可推知，作者通过展示一些数据来发展正文。故选B。11．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“odds”inthelastparagraphmean?A．Probability.B．Price.C．Cost.D．Income.A【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段中“Children...mothers.”；最后一段中“Thestudyauthors...day.”以及画线词所在句“Higherlevelsofparentaleducationwereassociatedwiththeloweroddsofinclusioninthesecondgroup.”可知，家庭教育会影响孩子看屏幕的时间长短，所以父母教育程度越高，被纳入第二组的可能性就越低。由此可知，画线词意思是“可能性”。故选A。第二节　阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Inhisbook，IntentionalLiving，authorJohnMaxwellsharesthatbackin1976，hereceivedagiftfromoneofhis1.(assist)．Asheunwrappedthegift，hesawthatitwasabook2.(name)TheGreatestStoryEverTold.Hecouldn’twait3.(read)it.Butwhenheopenedthebook，hewas4.(astonish)toseethatthepageswereblank.Insidethebookwas5.notethatsaid，“John，yourlifeisbeforeyou.Fillthesepageswithkindactsandgoodthoughtsofyourheart.Writeagreatstoryaboutyourlife.”Theintentionofwritingthestoryofhislifeexcitedhim.Then，he6.(begin)towritehisbook.Everydayweliveoutourstorythroughourwords，actionsanddecisions.Butwemustremembertolivewithintentiontofocusonwhat7.(matter)mostinlifeandtoregainthatfocuswhenwegetchanged.Withoutintention，wecanbecomeunfocusedinthings8.needn’taddtoalifeofsignificanceanddifferenceinourworld.Lifeisn’tperfectandit’salwayshard,9.weneedremindersinourlifefromafriend，author，blogger，pastororourinnerspirittore-focususonthethingsthatmatterandmakeuslive10.(positive)．语篇解读　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章通过讲述约翰·麦克斯韦尔收到一本空白页的书，让自己写自己人生的故事，启迪人们：生活并不完美，它总是很艰难，所以我们需要从他人那里得到提醒，让我们重新关注那些重要的事情，让我们积极地生活。1.assistants【解析】考查名词。根据句意可知，此处需填名词，oneof后跟名词复数，故填assistants。2.named【解析】考查非谓语动词。name和book之间为被动关系，故用过去分词形式作book的后置定语。故答案为named。3.toread【解析】考查非谓语动词。toread作wait的宾语，can’twaittodosth.意为“迫不及待地做某事”。故答案为toread。4.astonished【解析】考查形容词。句子的主语是人，所以用astonished表示“感到惊讶的”。故答案为astonished。5.a【解析】考查冠词。根据句意可知，书中有一张纸条，表示数量“一”用不定冠词且note的发音以辅音音素开头。故答案为a。6.began【解析】考查时态。文章讲的是过去发生的事情，所以用一般过去时。故答案为began。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 7.matters【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。此处是作者的评论，根据前后语境可知，应用一般现在时，句子的主语是表示单数概念的what，所以谓语动词也用第三人称单数。故答案为matters。8.that/which【解析】考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是things，且引导词在定语从句中作主语，用that或which引导。故答案为that/which。9.so【解析】考查连词。根据前后文的语义可知，生活并不完美，总是很艰难，因此我们需要朋友等人的提醒来保持专注。故答案为so。10.positively【解析】考查副词。修饰动词live要用副词形式。故答案为positively。学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司