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1、Supply,Demand,and GovernmentPolicies供给、需求与政府政策6Inthischapter, lookfortheanswerstothesequestions:Whatarepriceceilingsandpricefloors? Whataresomeexamplesofeach?Howdopriceceilingsandpricefloorsaffectmarketoutcomes?什么是价格上限和价格下限？现实中有哪些例子？价格管制的影响是什么？1Inthischapter, l
2、ookfortheanswerstothesequestions:Howdotaxesaffectmarketoutcomes? Howdotheeffectsdependonwhether thetaxisimposedonbuyersorsellers?Whatistheincidenceofatax? Whatdeterminestheincidence?税收对市场有何影响？买卖双方如何分担税负？何为税收归宿？如何决定的？2SUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES3Governme
3、ntPoliciesThatAlterthe PrivateMarketOutcome政府政策影响市场运行Pricecontrols价格控制Priceceiling:alegalmaximumontheprice ofagoodorserviceExample:rentcontrolPricefloor:alegalminimumonthepriceof agoodorserviceExample:minimumwageTaxes税收Thegovtcanmakebuyersorsellerspayaspecifica
4、mountoneachunitbought/sold.SUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES4EXAMPLE1:TheMarketforApartments房屋租赁市场Eq’mw/o pricecontrolsPQDSRentalpriceofapts$800300QuantityofapartmentsSUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES5HowPriceCeilingsAffectMarketOutcomes价格上限对市场的影响Apriceceil
5、ing abovethe eq’mpriceisnotbinding– hasnoeffect onthemarketoutcome.价格上限高于均衡价格时，价格上限没有限制作用，对市场均衡无影响。PQDS$800300Price ceiling$1000SUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES6HowPriceCeilingsAffectMarketOutcomesTheceiling isabindingconstraintontheprice,causesashortage.价格上
6、限低于均衡价格时，价格上限有限制约束，导致短缺。PQDS$800Price ceiling$500250400shortageSUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES7HowPriceCeilingsAffectMarketOutcomesInthelongrun,supplyanddemand aremore price-elastic.So,theshortage islarger.长期，供需更具有弹性，短缺扩大。PQDS$800150Price ceiling$500450shor
7、tageSUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES8ShortagesandRationingWithashortage,sellersmustrationthegoodsamongbuyers.存在短缺的情况下，卖家在买家中配给稀缺物品。Somerationingmechanisms:(1)Longlines排队——Inefficient无效率(2)Discrimination歧视——Unfair不公平Thegoodsdonotnecessarilygotothebuyerswhoval
8、uethemmosthighly.没有分配给对商品评价最高的买家。SUPPLY,DEMAND,ANDGOVERNMENTPOLICIES9ShortagesandRationing短缺和配给Incontrast,whenpricesarenotcontrolled, therationingmechanismisefficient(thegoo
