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1、CHOUANDHSIENGOVERNMENTnChinaintheCh'ingdynastylocalgovernmentwasorganizedonthe1sameprinciple-atalllevels.Alladministrativeunits,fromtheprovincedowntothechou(department)andthehsien(district),whicharethefocusofourstudy,weredesignedandcreatedbythecentralgovern-ment,whichfinancedth
2、eirbudgets,appointedtheirofficials,anddi-rectedandsupervisedtheiractivities.Alllocalofficials,includingmagistratesofthechouandhsien,wereagentsofthecentralgoverment.Therewasnoautonomyinthechou,thehsien,orinthetownsandvillagesthatconstitutedthem.Infact,noformalgovernmentofanysort
3、existedbelowthechouandhsienlevels.Chouandhsien,whichwerethesmallestadministrativeunitswithinaprovince,weregroupedtoformlargerunits:prefectures(fu),inde-pendentsubprefectures(chih-lit'ing),orindependentdepartments(chih-lichou);thelastincludedonlyhsien?Theindependentsubprefecture
4、sandindependentdepartmentsarenottobeconfusedwiththeordinarysubprefecturesanddepartments.Theformerwereunderthedirectsuper-visionoftheprovincialtrea~urer,~andhadastatusequivalenttothatoftheprefe~ture.~Forthisreason,theywillbeexcludedfromourstudy.Whatwerefertoaschouandhsienaretheo
5、rdinarydepartmentsanddistricts.AsTableIshows,thenumberofadministrativeunitsinlocalgovern-mentvariedindifferentperiods.Thereweremorethanrooordinarychouandabout1200to1300hsienintheempire.Table2showsthe2LOCALGOVERNMENTINCHINAdistributionoftheseandoflargeradministrativeunitsinvario
6、usT--provinces,accordingtothe1899editionofCh'inghui-tien(CollectedstatutesoftheCh'ingdynasty).ProvirThesizeofachouorhsien,whichwasusuallydescribedintermsofShen,lengthaddedtowidthatitswidestpoint,variedfromaboutonehundredKirirtoseveralhundredlL4Itconsistedofadistrictordepartment
7、seat,whichHeihwasawalledcity:surroundedbyafewtownsandseveralscoreorChihShanhundredsofvillages,6thesizeofwhich~aried.~ThepopulationinachouShanorhsienvariedfromseveraltensofthousandstoseveralhundredthousandHonihouseholds:KianTherewasa"head"ineachruralarea(hsiang-chang),town(chen-
8、Anh~chang),andvillage(ts'un-changorchuang-t'ou):whowas
