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1、JinyuLiuLocalGovernmentsandCollegia:*ANewAppraisaloftheEvidenceIntroductionContrarytoearliercollegiumscholarship,asrepresentedbyTh.Mommsen,J.-P.Waltzing,andF.M.DeRobertis,morerecentworkhasattemptedtodivert1ourattentionfrom‘overemphasized’Romananxietiesaboutcollegi
2、a.Therehasbeenanoticeabletendency,particularlyamongsocialhistorians,todownplaythesignificanceoflegalquestionsconcerningcollegiaeitherbyquestioningtheefficiencyofRomanlawenforcementorbydenyingtheexistenceofconsistentstatecontroloverassociations.Thesescholarsadvocat
3、eacross-disciplinaryapproachtothestudyofcollegiaandhaveconvincinglydemonstratedtheinadequacyofearlierdiscussions,whichwereconfinedtothejuristicframework.Thistendencytomovebeyondthelegalsources,however,mustnotresultinwholesaleneglectoftheimpactofofficialinterventio
4、nsandregulationsonassociations.Infact,thereremaintobeinvestigatedmanyquestionsregardinggovernmentalattitudesandpoliciestowardscollegia,aswellastheirimplementationatthecentral,provincial,andmunicipallevelsindifferentregionsandindifferenthistoricalperiods.Thispaperh
5、asaratherlimitedgoal,intendingmerelytodrawattention,mainlyinlightofchapter74ofthenowwell-knownlexIrnitana,tothecomplexrelationshipbetweencollegiaandtheauthoritiesatalllevels—local,provincial2andcentral—inthefirstandearlysecondcenturiesA.D.Ilookatthisissue*Ithasbee
6、nanhonorandaprivilegetohaveProfessorWilliamV.Harrisasmydoctoraladvisor.Overthecourseofmygraduateyears(1998-2004)atColumbiaUniversity,Ihaveaccumulatedanimmeasurableintellectual,professional,andmoraldebttohim.Onlybystrivingtoworkashardashedoes—asteacher,scholar,andi
7、ntellectual—canIhopetorepaysuchadebt.IwouldalsoliketothankClaudeEilers,IliasArnaoutoglou,andthetwoeditorsofthisbookfortheirvaluablecriticism.Theyare,ofcourse,notresponsibleforanymistakes.1Earlierwork:Waltzing1895-1900;DeRobertis1938;1955;1963;andesp.1971.Recentwor
8、k:Cotter1996,74-89;deLigt2000,237-52;and2001,345-58;VanNijf1997and2002,316;Arnaoutoglou2002,27-44;and(forthcoming);andHarland2003b,161-73.2Fortextandcom
