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1、1.Iceberg:{Edward.7.Hall.--标志着“跨文化交流”学科的开始}Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight(belowthewaterline).Likewise,nine-tenthsofcultureisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatabovethewateri
2、seasytobenoticed.Theout-of-awarenesspartissometimescalled“deepculture”.Thispartoftheculturalicebergishiddenbelowthewaterandisthusbelowthelevelofconsciousness.Peoplelearnthispartofculturethroughimitatingmodels./Abovethewater:whattoeat,howtodress,howtokee
3、phealthy；Belowthewater:belief,values,worldviewandlifeview,moralemotion,attitudepersonalty2.Stereotype:定型主义astereotypeisafixednotionaboutpersonsinacertaincategory,withnodistinctionsmadeamongindividuals.Inotherwords,itisanovergeneralizedandoversimplifiedb
4、eliefweusetocategorizeagroupofpeople.3.Ethnocentrism:民族中心主义Ethnocentrismisthetechnicalnamefortheviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit.Itreferstoourtendencytoidentifywithourin-groupandtoeva
5、luateout-groupsandtheirmembersaccordingtoitsstandard.4.Culture:Culturecanbedefinedasthecoherent,learned,sharedviewofgroupofpeopleaboutlife’sconcernsthatrankswhatisimportant,furnishesattitudesaboutwhatthingsareappropriate,anddictatesbehavior.5.Culturalva
6、lues:Valuesinformamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodandbad,rightandwrong,trueandfalse,positiveandnegative,andthelike.Culturalvaluesdefineswhatisworthdyingfor,whatisworthprotecting,whatfrightenspeople,whatarepropersubjectsforstudyandforridicule,andwhattypes
7、ofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.6.Worldview:Aworldviewisaculture’sorientationtowardsuchthingsasGod,nature,life,death,theuniverse,andotherphilosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifeandwith“being”.7.SocialOrganizations:Themannerinwhic
8、hacultureorganizesitselfisdirectlyrelatedtotheinstitutionwithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouandthegovermentswithwhichyouassociateandholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehoeyouperceivetheworldandhowyoubehavewithinthatworld.8.Globa
