资源描述:
《语言学概论(杨忠).doc》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在行业资料-天天文库。
1、1.Whatarethecategoriesoflexicalmeaning?Lexicalmeaningincludes:a)referentialmeaning(alsodenotativemeaning).b)Associativemeanings.Referentialmeaningisthecentralmeaninganditismorestableanduniversal.Associativemeaningsaremeaningsaremeaningsthathingeonreferentialmeaning,wh
2、icharelessstableandmoreculture-specific.Typesofassociativemeanings:connotativemeaning,socialmeaning,affectivemeaning,reflectedmeaning,collectivemeaning2.Whatarethecomponentsofmetaphor?Therearetwopositionsonthefunctionofmetaphors:a)theclassicalviewseesmetaphorarhetoric
3、aldevice;b)anotherviewholdsmetaphoracognitivedevice.Metaphors一spossiblepreciselybecausetherearemetaphorsinaperson’sconceptualsystems.
Allmetaphorsarecomposedoftwodomains:targetdomain(alsotenor)andsourcedomain(vehicle).3.Howdoestransformationalgrammaraccountforsentence
4、-relatedness?1)AccordingtoChomsky,agrammarasthetacitsharedknowledgeofallspeakersisasystemoffiniterulesbywhichaninfinitenumberofsentencescanbegenerated.Heattemptstoaccountforthisaspectofsyntaxbypostulatingthatdeepstructuresandsurfacestructures.2)Deepstructuresarethebas
5、icstructuresgeneratedbyphrasestructurerules.3)Surfacestructuresarederivedstructures,thestructuresofsentencesthatweactuallyspeak.Surfacestructuresarederivedfromdeepstructuresthroughtransformationalruleswhichincludereplacement,insertion,deletionandcoping,etc.4.Onwhatbas
6、isdolinguistsregardhumanlanguageasspecies-specific(uniqueto12humans)?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Manyphilosophersandlinguistsbelievethatlanguageisuniquetoman.Languageisahumantraitthatsetsusapartfromotherlivingcreatures.Theyspellou
7、tanumberoffeaturesoflanguagewhicharenotfoundinanimalcommunicationsystems.Thesefeatures:creativity,duality,arbitrariness,displacement,culturaltransmission,interchangeabilityandreflexivity.Theseareuniversalfeaturespossessedbyallhumanlanguages.Althoughsomeanimalcommunica
8、tionsystemspossess,toaverylimiteddegree,oneoranotherofthesefeaturesexceptcreativityandduality,noneisfoundtohaveallthefeature