杨忠《语言学概论》笔记.doc

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1、Chapter1IntroductionⅠ.Whatislanguage?1.Differentdefinitionsoflanguage(1)Languageisasystemwhosepartscanandmustbeconsideredintheirsynchronicsolidarity.(deSaussure,1916)(2)[Languageis]aset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinites

2、etofelements.(Chomsky,1957)(3)Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.2.Eachofthedefinitionsabovehaspointedoutsomeaspectsoftheessenceoflanguage,butallofthemhaveleftoutsomething.We

3、mustseethemulti-facetednatureoflanguage.3.Asisagreedbylinguistsinbroadterms,languagecanbedefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Ⅱ.Featuresofhumanlanguage1.Creativity(1)Languageprovidesopportunitiesforsendingmessagesthathaveneverbeense

4、ntbeforeandforunderstandingbrandnewmessages.(2)Thegrammarrulesandthewordsarefinite,butthesentencesareinfinite.Everyspeakeruseslanguagecreatively.2.Duality(1)Languagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.(2)Certainsoundsorsequencesofsoundsstand

5、forcertainmeanings.(3)Certainmeaningsareconveyedbycertainspeechsoundsorsequencesofspeechsounds.3.Arbitrariness(1)Therelationshipbetweenthetwosubsystemsoflanguageisarbitrary.(2)Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweensoundandmeaning.4.Displacement(1)Thereisnolimitinti

6、meorspaceforlanguage.(2)Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.5.Culturaltransmission(1)Culturecannotbegeneticallytransmitted.Instead,itmustbelearned.(2)Languageisawayoftransmittingculture.6.InterchangeabilityAllmembersofaspeechcom

7、munitycansendandreceivemessages.7.Reflexivity(1)Humanlanguagescanbeusedtodescribethemselves.(2)Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledmeta-language.Ⅲ.Functionsoflanguage–threemeta-functions1.Theideationalfunction·29·Toidentifythings,tothink,ortorecordinform

8、ation.2.TheinterpersonalfunctionTogetalonginacommunity.3.ThetextualfunctionToformatext.Ⅳ.Typesoflanguage1.Geneticclassification2.Typologicalclassification(1)Analyticlanguage–noinfl