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1、语言学复习要点样题一：Indo-EuropeanLanguagefamily:Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.TheIndo-Europeanisoneofthem.Itismadeupofmostofth
2、elanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.TheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguageisthoughttobeahighlyinflectedlanguage.Itwasalanguageinwhichthevariousformsofagivenwordshoweditsrelationshiptootherwordsinasentence.Whengroupsofthislanguagemovedawayfromtheoriginal
3、homeland,believedtobesomewhereintheeasternmostpartofEurope,thelanguageofeachgroupgrewanddevelopedalongdifferentlinesinmuchthesamewaythatAmericanandAustralianEnglishnowshowdifferencesfromthelanguageofEngland.Oververylongperiodsofcompleteisolationfromeachother,t
4、hesedialectsofasinglelanguagechangedsomuchthattheybecameseparatelanguages.Speakersofonewerenotunderstoodbyspeakersofanother. Thesurvivinglanguagesshowvariousdegreesofsimilaritytooneanother.Thesimilaritybearamoreorlessdirectrelationshiptotheirgeographicaldistr
5、ibution.Theyaccordinglyfallintoeightprincipalgroups,whichcanbegroupedintoanEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian;aWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.IntheEasternset,ArmenianandAlbanianareeachtheonlymodernlanguagerespectively.TheBalto
6、-SlaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesasPrussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.IntheIndo-IranianwehavePersian,Bengali,Hindi,Romany,thelastthreeofwhicharederivedfromthedeadlanguageSanskrit. IntheWesternset,Greekisthemodernlanguagederivedfr
7、omHellenic.IntheCeltic,wefindScottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton,etc.ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalicthroughanintermediatelanguageLatin.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages,whicharege
8、nerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish. AlltheselanguageshavesomeinfluenceonEnglishtoagreaterorlesserextentbecauseeachhaslentwordsintotheEng
