语言学概论复习要点.doc

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1、复习要点Chapter1Introduction1.1Whatislinguistics?语言学的定义:2featuresLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.1)Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.2)Itisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,usingsomegeneraltheoryofla

2、nguagestructure.1.2Thescope/branchesoflinguistics语言学的研究范畴:7majorand3interdisciplinary1)Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics（普通语言学）.2)Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics（语音学）.3)Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherand

3、usedtoconveymeaningincommunicationiscalledphonology（音系学）.4)Thestudyofhowmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology（形态学）.5)Thestudyofhowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax（句法学）.6)Thestudyofmeaningconveyedbylanguageiscalledsemantics（语义学）.7)Thestu

4、dyofmeaningincontextoflanguageuseiscalledpragmatics（语用学）.8)Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics（社会语言学）.9)Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetopsychologyiscalledpsycholinguistics（心理语言学）.1)Thestudyofapplicationsoflinguisticstudyisgenerally

5、knownasappliedlinguistics（应用语言学）.Butinanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguage.2)Otherrelatedbranchesincludeanthropologicallinguistics（人类语

6、言学）,neurologicallinguistics（神经语言学）,mathematicallinguistics（数字语言学）,andcomputationallinguistics（计算机语言学）.1.3Fiveimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念:prescriptivevs.descriptive,synchronicvs.diachronic,speechvs.writing,languevs.parole,competencevs.perform

7、ance1)Prescriptivevs.descriptive规定与描写lIfalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.lModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtra

8、ditionalgrammar.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptivewhilemodernlinguisticsisdescriptive.Thetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis“correct”or