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1、语言学概论复习要点一．定义1languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2definefeaturesDesignfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.3Synchronicvs.diachronicAsynchronicdescript
2、iontakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent)asitspointofobservation.Diachroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistoryandfocusesonthedifferencesintwoormorethantwostatesoflanguageoverdecadesorcenturies.4Langue&paroleLang
3、ueistheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityParoleisparticularrealizationsoflangue5CompetenceandperformanceAnideallanguageuser'sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesinhislanguageiscalledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancerefe
4、rstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations,thatis,theinfinitevariedindividualactsofverbalbehaviorwithirregularities,inconsistencies,anderrors.6descriptiveandprescriptive7phonetictranscriptionAphonetictranscriptionisaneconomicalmeansforcapturingsounds
5、onpaper.Whenweuseasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscription,itiscalledabroadtranscription.Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.8phonemePhonemeisaunitofexplicitsoundcontrast.Iftwosoundsinalanguagemakeacontrastbe
6、tweentwodifferentwords,theyaresaidtobedifferentphonemes.phonemeistheminimumphonemicunitthatisnotfurtheranalyzableintosmallerunits.9allophones[p,ph]aretwodifferentphones(音子)andarevariantsofthephoneme/p/.Suchvariantsofaphonemearecalledallophonesofthesameph
7、oneme.(Phoneticsimilarity,complementarydistribution)10assimilationassimilation,aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsoundassimilationreferstothephonologicalprocessinwhichatargetoraffectedsegmentundergoesastructuralchange
8、incertainenvironmentsorcontexts11distinctivefeaturesdistinctivefeaturesarethosephonologicallyrelevantproperties,thatis,thefeatureswhichcandistinguishmeaning,forexample,voicing,placeandmannerofarticulationareallprincipaldis
