《英语语言学》复习要点

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageoralternativel

2、yasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcomm

3、unication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementetc.ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonomatopoeicwords.Dualityreferstothepr

4、opertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.☺thelowerorthebasiclevel----thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.☺

5、thehigherlevel----morphemesandwordswhicharemeaningfulCreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentorno

6、tpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspaceatthemomentofcommunication3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.Jakobson:I

7、nhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics(1960)definedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunction感情功能4).Conativefunction意动功能5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能HuZhua

8、nglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunctio