《英语语言学》复习要点

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageoralternativelyasthesci

2、entificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarea

3、rbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementetc.ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonomatopoeicwords.Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofst

4、ructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.☺thelowerorthebasiclevel----thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.☺thehigherlevel----morphemesandwordsw

5、hicharemeaningfulCreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.Displacementreferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresent

6、orfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspaceatthemomentofcommunication3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.Jakobson:InhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics(1960)definedsixprimar

7、yfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunction感情功能4).Conativefunction意动功能5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoil

8、lustratethem.1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunctio