《英语语言学》复习要点

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1、Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Togivethebarestdefinitionlanguageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisinstrumentalsocialandconventional.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescienceoflanguageora

2、lternativelyasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itconcernswiththesystematicstudyoflanguageoradisciplinethatdescribesallaspectsoflanguageandformulatestheoriesastohowlanguageworks.2.Designfeaturesreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfro

3、manyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacementetc.ArbitrarinessreferstoformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaningLanguageisarbitrary.Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsoundsevenwithonoma

4、topoeicwords.Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructure.Theunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.☺thelowerorthebasiclevel----thesoundunitsorphonemeswhicharemeanin

5、gless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.☺thehigherlevel----morphemesandwordswhicharemeaningfulCreativityreferstoWordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbeinstantlyunderstoodbypeoplewhohavenevercomeacrossthatusagebefore.Displacementreferstothefact

6、thatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresentrealorimaginedmattersinthepastpresentorfutureorinfar-awayplaces.Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjectseventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentintimeandspaceatthemomentofcommu

7、nication3.Jakobson’sclassificationoffunctionsoflanguage.Jakobson:InhisarticleLinguisticsandPoetics(1960)definedsixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent:speaker,addressee,context,message,code,contact.1).Referentialfunction所指功能2).Poeticfunction诗学功能3).Emotivefunc

8、tion感情功能4).Conativefunction意动功能5).Phaticfunction交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能HuZhuanglin’classificationoffunctionsoflanguageandusesomeexamplestoillustratethem.1).Informativefunction信息功能2).Interpersonalfunction人际功能3).Performativefunctio