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1、外文翻译原文Gender,ChildrenandResearchProductivityMaterialSource:ResearchinHigherEducation,Vol.45,No.8,December2004Author:StevenStackThe‘‘productivitypuzzle,’’orgendergapinresearchproductivity,isoftenthoughttobedue,inpart,togenderedchildcareresponsibilities.Thetime,energy,andmoneydevotedtochild-reari
2、ngcanreducetheresearchproductivityofscholars,especiallywomen.However,thereislittlesystematicresearchonthisissue.Thepresentstudycontributestotheliteraturebyexploringtheproductivitypuzzleinlightoftheinfluenceofeightagesetsofchildren.DataarefromtheNationalResearchCouncil’s1995SurveyofDoctoralRecip
3、ients.Theyreferto11,231PhDs,inthesciencesandengineering,whoareemployedinacademia.Controllingforchildren,structuralfactorsandpersonalcharacteristicsofthePhDs,thepresentstudyfindsthatwomenstillpublishsignificantlylessthanmen.Second,productivityishigherforPhDswithchildrenlessthan11.Third,productiv
4、ityisrelativelylowforwomenwithyoungchildren.Fourth,forthesocialsciences,theareawiththehighestproportionofwomenPhDs,genderisunrelatedtoproductivity,butwomeninthesocialscienceswhohaveyoungchildrenhaverelativelylowproductivity.Theleadingpredictorsofproductivityincludedlocationinaresearchuniversity
5、andeffort(hoursworked).Thefullmodelexplains39%ofthevarianceinproductivity.Childrenarenotastrongpredictorofproductivity,buttheinfluencethattheydohavefollowedagenderedpattern.Previousstudiesongenderandpublishinghavegenerallyfoundthatmenpublishmorethanwomen.Areviewofmorethan50studiesconcludedthatm
6、alescientistspublishnearlytwiceasmuchasfemalescientists.Further,malesreceivesubstantiallymorecitationstotheirworkthandofemales(ColeandSinger,1991,p.278).Thisgendergapinresearchproductivityhasbeenreferredtoasthe‘‘productivitypuzzle’’(e.g.,ColeandZuckerman,1984;XieandShauman,1998,2003).Ithasbeena
7、ttributedtofactorsincludingthegreaterparentingandmaritalresponsibilitiesofwomenrelativetomen,women’sdifficultyinbecomingintegratedintothemaledominatedworkandsocialmilieu,morelimitedopportunitiesforco-authorship,discrimination,anal