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1、Word:aminimumfreeformofalanguage.Withaunityofsoundandmeaning(bothlexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaning),performingsyntactic句法的meaningCriteria准则，分类依据ofwords:byorigin(native—oldEnglish)(andloanlanguage—borrowedEnglish),bylevelofusage(commonwords,literary,colloquial,slangandtechnicalword
2、s);bynotions(functionandcontentwords)Morpheme:词素smallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerform.Amorphemeisalsotwo-facet两方面languageunitwhichpossessessoundandmeaning.Classificationofmorphemes:Freemorpheme：utteralonewithmeaning(afreemorphemeisawordin
3、traditionalsense)man,read,writeBoundmorpheme:黏着词素mustappearwithoneothermorpheme,unkind,happily,receiveRoot:thebasicunchangeablepartoftheword;conveythemainlexicalmeaningoftheword;Eitherfreeorbound(1)freeroots:manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,moon,walk(2)boundroots:derivedfromforei
4、gnsources.suchastaininwordslikecontain,detainorretain.Affixes:词缀Inflectionalaffixes曲折词缀(haveonlyparticulargrammaticalmeaning,doesnotformanewword)suchassinchairs,pens;esinwordsboxes,tomatoesderivationalaffixes派生词缀(addedmorphemetocreatenewwords.）prefixes:前缀rewritesuffixes:后缀length,wid
5、th(12.26.2017)Word-formationThreemajorprocesses:Compounding合成法：joiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunitofcompoundwords。Ø(p35-37)1)orthographiccriterion书写方式2)Phonologicalcriterion音韵准则※（accent重音）3)Semanticcriterion语义准则(05,01,2018)Derivation派生法：forminganewwordbyadditionofawordelement)Conver
6、sion转换法：awordofcertainword-classisshiftedintoanotherword-classwithoutanyaffixesEightminorprocesses:Initialism：atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase；aninitilismispronouncedletterbyletter.Acronymy：Initialisms–usingthefirstletterfrompro
7、pername,phrase,technicalwords)Ainitialismispronouncedletterbyletter)andacronyms—fromtheinitiallettersofthenameofanorganizationorscientificterm)==arepronouncedaswords.Clipping:deletionofoneormoresyllablesfromaword—usuallyanoun,whichisalsoavailableinitsfullform.Classification—backclip
8、ping,frontclipping,
