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1、Nothird-partypunishmentinchimpanzeesaa,b,1aaKatrinRiedl,KeithJensen,JosepCall,andMichaelTomaselloabDepartmentofDevelopmentalandComparativePsychology,MaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropology,D-04103Leipzig,Germany;andBiologicalandExperimentalPsychologyGroup,Scho
2、olofBiologicalandChemicalSciences,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,LondonE14NS,UnitedKingdomEditedbyRaghavendraGadagkar,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore,India,andapprovedJuly25,2012(receivedforreviewFebruary23,2012)Punishmentcanhelpmaintaincooperationbydeterringfree-c
3、onflictsamongtheremaininggroupmembers(26).However,ridingandcheating.Ofparticularimportanceinlarge-scalehumantheremovalofadominantislikelytocreateapowervacuum,societiesisthird-partypunishmentinwhichindividualspunishwhichresultsinincreasedconflictastheotheranimalsjockey
4、foratransgressorornormviolatorevenwhentheythemselvesarestatus,andanycooperativenesscausedbythedominant’spres-notaffected.Nonhumanprimatesandotheranimalsaggressencemightariseasabyproduct.Todate,therehavebeennoagainstconspecificswithsomeregularity,butitisunclearwhether
5、directtestsofthird-partypunishmentofviolationsofcoop-thisiseveraimedatpunishingothersfornoncooperation,anderationinnonhumananimals.whetherthird-partypunishmentoccursatall.HerewereportanChimpanzeesareoneofhumans’twoclosestlivingrelativesexperimentalstudyinwhichoneofh
6、umans’closestlivingrela-(alongwithbonobos).Theyliveinsmallsocialgroups(typicallyoftives,chimpanzees(Pantroglodytes),couldpunishanindividualafewdozenindividuals,butupto150individuals)(27).Chim-whostolefood.Dominantsretaliatedwhentheirownfoodwaspanzeescooperateingroup
7、defense,intragroupcoalitions,andstolen,buttheydidnotpunishwhenthefoodofthird-partieswashunting(28),anddosowithkinaswellasnonkin(29).Theyalsostolen,evenwhenthevictimwasrelatedtothem.Third-partyretaliatewhenpersonallyharmedbyconspecifics(30)anddomi-punishmentasameansof
8、enforcingcooperation,ashumansnantssometimesintervenetobreakupfightsamongthirdpartiesdo,mightthereforebeaderivedtraitinthehumanlineage.(23,2