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1、语言学Chapter6PRAGMATICS1.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?答：Generallyspeaking,pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginthecontext.Itstudiesmeaninginadynamicwayandasaprocess.Inordertohaveasuccessfulcommunication,thespeakerandhearermusttakethecontextintotheirconsiderat
2、ionsoastoeffecttherightmeaningandintention.Thedevelopmentandestablishmentpragmaticsin1960sand1970sresultedmainlyfromtheexpansionofthestudysemantics.However,itisdifferentfromthetraditionalsemantics.Themajordifferencebetweenthemliesinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaninginadynamicway,whilesemanti
3、csstudiesmeaninginastaticway.Pragmaticstakescontextintoconsiderationwhilesemanticsdoesnot.Pragmaticstakescareoftheaspectofmeaningthatisnotaccountedforbysemantics.2.Whyisthenotionofcontextessentialinthepragmaticstudyoflinguisticcommunication?答：Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmatic
4、studyoflanguage.Itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Variouscontinentsofsharedknowledgehavebeenidentified,e.g.knowledgeofthelanguagetheyuse,knowledgeofwhathasbeensaidbefore,knowledgeabouttheworldingeneral,knowledgeaboutthespecificsituationinw
5、hichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace,andknowledgeabouteachother.Contextdeterminesthespeaker'suseoflanguageandalsotheheater'sinterpretationofwhatissaidtohim.Withoutsuchknowledge,linguisticcommunicationwouldnotbepossible,andwithoutconsideringsuchknowledge,linguisticcommunicationcanno
6、tbesatisfactorilyaccountedforinapragmaticsense.Lookatthefollowingsentences:(1)Howdiditgo?(2)Itiscoldinhem.(3)ItwasahotChristmasdaysowewentdowntothebeachintheafternoonandhadagoodtimeswimmingandsurfing.Sentence(1)mightbeusedinaconversationbetweentwostudentstalkingaboutanexamination,ortwo
7、surgeonstalkingaboutanoperation,orinsomeothercontexts;(2)mightbesaidbythespeakertoaskthehearertoturnontheheater,orleavetheplace,ortoputonmoreclothes,ortoapologizeforthepoorconditionoftheroom,dependingonthesituationofcontext;(3)makessenseonlyiithehearerhastheknowledgethatChristmasfall
