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1、Chapter7PragmaticslWhatispragmatics?nPragmaticscanbedefinedastheanalysisofmeaningincontext.nPragmaticanalysisofmeaningisfirstandforemostconcernedwiththestudyofwhatiscommunicatedbyaspeaker/writerandinterpretedbyalistener/reader.nAnalysisofintentionalmeaningne
2、cessarilyinvolvestheinterpretationofwhatpeopledothroughlanguageinaparticularcontext.nIntendedmeaningmayormaynotbeexplicitlyexpressed.Pragmaticanalysisalsoexploreshowlisteners/readersmakeinferencesaboutwhatiscommunicated.lWhatarethedifferencesbetweenthetwolin
3、guisticstudiesofmeaning–semanticsandpragmatics?nSemanticsstudiesliteral,structuralorlexicalmeaning,whilepragmaticsstudiesnon-literal,implicit,intendedmeaning,orspeakermeaning.nSemanticsiscontextindependent,decontextualized,whilepragmaticsiscontextdependent,c
4、ontextualized.nSemanticsdealswithwhatissaid,whilepragmaticsdealswithwhatisimplicatedorinferred.lDeixisandreferencenDeixisisawordoriginallyfromGreek.Itmeanspointingvialanguage.Anexpressionusedbyaspeaker/writertoidentifysomethingiscalleddeicticexpression.nOuto
5、fcontext,wecannotunderstandsentencescontainingdeicticexpressions,becausewedonotknowwhattheseexpressionsrefertorespectively.nAccordingtoreferentialcontent,deixiscanbeputintopersondeixis,placedeixis,timedeixisanddiscoursedeixis.uPersondeixis:I,we,you,me,he,etc
6、.uPlacedeixis:here,there,above,over,this,that…lProximalanddistaltermsnProximaltermsareusedwhensomethingisclosetothespeaker,whiledistaltermswhensomethingisawayfromthespeaker.uTimedeixis:next…,by…,before…,etc.lTenses:codingtimeuDiscoursedeixislAnaphoric:backwa
7、rdreferencelCataphoric:forwardreferencenThedeicticcentre–ego-centriccentrelSpeechactsnInlinguisticcommunication,peopledonotmerelyexchangeinformation.Theyactuallydosomethingthroughtalkingorwritinginvariouscircumstances.Actionsperformedviaspeakingarecalledspee
8、chacts.nPerformativesentencesuImplicitperformatives–It’scoldhere.uExplicitperformatives–Pleaseclosethedoor.nTypesofspeechactsuLocutionaryspeechact–theactionofmakingthesentenceuIllocutionaryspeec
